Yatwinger
The Jatwinger (Jadwinger, Jadwingen, Jotwinger / jotvingiai , Jatwägen) or Sudauer ( sudūviai ) or Pollexaner were a West Baltic tribe in Sudauen (old Prussian sudawa, sudowia ). Today the area is divided between Poland , Lithuania and Belarus .
The Jatwingic language was closely related to the Old Prussian .
area
The later Masurian part of the Jatwinger territory was conquered by the Teutonic Knights as the last Prussian tribal area in the 13th century.
Surname
In the written sources, the tribe Jatwinger or Sudauer is mentioned. Since the names never appear next to each other, it can be assumed that they are one and the same strain. In the Breslau judgment of Emperor Sigismund von Luxemburg of 1325 it is called Suderlandt alias Jetuen .
Jadwinger
Written sources
The name Jatwjagy or similar appears in Russian sources from the 12th to 14th centuries. In the Ipatiev Chronicle the spellings change: Jatvjagy , Jatveze , Jatvjažin , zemlja Jatveskaja , na zemlju Jatvjažskuju and others.
Polish sources took over the Russian names: Jazviagi , Iazvizite , Jazvizite , Yazvizite etc. In the contract with the order of knights of 1260 it is called terre Getuizintarum . This designation came through the Poles to Western Europe and to the Curia in Rome. So can be read in papal documents of terra Jatwesouie, Gretuesia, Gzestuesie, Getuesia and Getvesia .
Explanation
The name Jatwinger is probably derived from the Scandinavian personal name Játvígr .
Sudauer
Written sources
The name Sudauer is derived from the Sudauen landscape and is used in German sources. Sudinoi appear for the first time in the 2nd century with the Byzantine scholar Ptolemy . In the 13th century, Peter von Dusburg used the term Suduwite in his Chronica Terrae Prussiae . The Teutonic Order referred to the tribe as Sudowite , the country as Sudowia, in qua Sudowite ( Sudowia, where the Sudowites (are) ).
1325 it says in the document of Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg Suderlandt alias Jetuen .
In the 16th century, Simon Grunau presents the fabulous story of Sudo , the third son of King Widowuto . He got the land between Crono (Kurland), Skara (Pregel) and Curtono . He built a fortress perpeylko . The country was named after him Sudauen .
Explanation
The name Sūduva for Sudauen is of Baltic origin and is possibly derived from the Baltic root * sū- = flow .
Polexiani
Written sources
In the sources of the neighboring Duchy of Mazovia , a tribe is called Polexiani . In Wincenty Kadłubek says: sunt autem Pollexianni, Getarum seu Prussorum genus ( "there is also the Pollexiani which Getic (jatwingischer) or prussischer origin"). It is possible that the population has migrated to the east.
Explanation
The name Polexia refers to the landscape of Polesia and is probably derived from Slavic po lesie , at the forest (edge) .
history
In the 2nd century by Ptolemy in the Geographike hyphegesis first Sudinoi called (with the neighboring Galindai ).
Yatwjagi are mentioned for the first time in 944 on the occasion of a peace between the Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire . In 983 fights between Bolesław Chrobry and the Kiev prince Vladimir I are reported over this area. In 1038 the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise moved into the area of the Yatwingers, also in 1044 and 1048. Yaroslav Svyatopolitsch is recorded for 1112/13 , in the 12th century the princes of Halych-Volhynia Roman and Daniel . A part belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at that time , a western part was under the influence of the Duchy of Mazovia .
In 1260 the Lithuanians rose against the Teutonic Order, which had been brought into the region by the Polish partial duchy of Mazovia to overthrow the Prussian opponents. The Sudauers supported the uprising and invaded the land of the Order. In 1277 the order turned against the Sudauer, who in turn undertook further successful raids into the order's land. An attacking Sudau army was destroyed. In 1281 the order fought the Sudauer prince Skomand with all its military might . He had to capitulate in 1283 and converted to Christianity.
A part of the Sudauer was expelled and fled to the Lithuanian part. 1,600 were resettled in the "Sudauerwinkel" of Samland . This part of Samland was called Sudauerwinkel until 1945, although the former Sudauer had long since been assimilated by that time. Skomand and his descendants received land and from then on belonged to the high Prussian nobility. Another part remained on their clod.
After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and the Peace of Lake Melno in 1423, the northern part of the former territory of the Sudauer belonged to the Order of Prussia, later the Duchy of Prussia, the southern part to Lithuania. These boundaries remained unchanged until 1918.
literature
- Pietro U. Dini, Wojciech Nowakowski: Soudinoi. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 29, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-018360-9 , pp. 257-261. ( online )
- Gerhard Lepa (ed.): The Sudauer. In: Tolkemita texts. No. 55. Dieburg 1998.
- Gerhard Lepa: Thoughts on the Prussians and their songs. In: 25 songs of the Sudauer. Tolkemita texts. No. 56.Dieburg 1999.
- Lithuanian encyclopedia. Volume XXVX. Boston 1963.
- Gerhard Salemke: Site plans of old Prussian ramparts in the former province of East Prussia. Gerhard Salemke, Gütersloh 2005, cards 19 / 7–19 / 13.
- Wolfgang P. Schmid : Baltic languages and peoples. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1976, ISBN 3-11-006740-4 , pp. 14-20.
- В. В. Седов: Ятвяги. In: Л. А. Голубева, В. А. Могильников, В. В. Седов, Р. Л. Розенфельдт: Финно-угры и балты в эпоху средневековья (= Археология СССР ). Наука, Москва 1987, pp. 411–419.
- Johannes Sembrzycki: The north and west areas of the Jadwinger and their borders. In: Old Prussian monthly . Vol. 28, 1891, pp. 76-89 .
- Andreas Sjögren : About the residences and the circumstances of the Jatwagen. A contribution to the history of Eastern Europe around the middle of the 13th century. Century. In: Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sciences Politiques, Histoire et Philologie. Série 6, Vol. 9, 1859, ZDB -ID 765610-5 , pp. 161–356 , (Also as a special print: Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 1858, ( digitized )).
- Juozas Žilevičius: Basics of Lithuanian Minor folk music. In: Tolkemita texts. 25 songs of the Sudauer. No. 56.Dieburg 1999.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Knýtlinga saga , cf. Алексей Сергеевич Кибинь: Ятвяги в X – XI вв .: "балтское племя" или "береговое братство"? In: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. No. 2 (4), 2008, ISSN 1995-848X , pp. 117-132, ( digitized version (PDF; 395.12 kB) ( memento of February 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
- ↑ Joseph Pashka: Virdainas. 1994
- ↑ Vytautas Mažiulis: Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas ( Etymological Dictionary of Old Prussian language ). Volume 4. Vilnius 1997, ISBN 978-5-420-01406-6 , pp. 166-167.