Daniel Romanowitsch

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Figure Daniel of Galicia on a mosaic

Daniel Romanovich of Galicia ( altostslawisch : Данило Галичкый, Ukrainian король Данило, Данило Романович, Данило Галицький , korol Danylo, Danylo Romanowytsch, Danylo Halytzkyj , Russian Даниил Романович Галицкий , Daniil Romanovich Galitsky , * 1201 , Halych , Principality of Galicia , † 1264 in Chelm , Principality of Galicia) was Prince of Galicia (1205–1206, 1211–1212, 1229–1231, 1233–1235, 1238–1264), Volhynia (1215–1229, 1231–1233, 1235–1238) and Grand Duke of Kiev (1240 ). 1254 was crowned King of the Rus ( Rex Russiæ ) by a papal legate . Along with Alexander Newski, Daniel is considered the most important prince of his time in Kievan Rus .

Life

Daniel Romanovich's monument in Lviv
Territorial expansion of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (1245–1349).

Daniel was the son of Prince Roman of Galicia-Volhynia . In 1223 he took part in the battle of the Kalka against the Mongols and escaped when that battle was lost. After Batu Khan's campaign in 1240/41 and the destruction of Kiev , Daniel tried to rebuild his country and secure his government against claims by his neighbors and the boyars . Like all princes of the Rus, he submitted to the Mongols in 1246 and survived the trip to their court.

Along with Germans , Jews and Armenians, he brought foreign settlers and merchants into the country and founded and promoted cities such as Lemberg and Cholm as well as road construction. The prince tried to create an extensive network of alliances for his protection. An important point was the marriage of his son Švarno with the daughter of the Lithuanian ruler Mindaugas , but also the reconciliation with Poland and the support of the rebellious Grand Duke Andrej , another son-in-law, served this goal. About the marriage of his son Roman to Gertrude , niece of the last Babenberger Frederick the Arguable , he intervened in the dispute about the Austrian heritage, but he was unsuccessful.

After years of union negotiations, Daniel received the royal crown in 1253 from Pope Innocent IV through the legate Opizo de Mezzano . Daniel hoped for a campaign against the Tatars promised by the Pope, but it was never carried out. The coronation had neither immediate political nor ecclesiastical consequences, but from a Ukrainian perspective it represents a symbolic act of the affiliation of Western Ukraine to Latin Europe.

Finally, Daniel and his son Lev struck by a dispute over the tax collection two Tatar plundering back, namely the commander of the Western Dnepr -Ufers, Prince Kuremsa (1254/55). Afterwards he wanted to shake off the foreign rule, but this ended in a fiasco in 1258/59. During these two years a large Mongolian army under Burundai and Prince Noqai moved through Daniel's principality, first to Lithuania and then to Poland . In both cases, the nobility, under the leadership of Daniel's brother (Wassylko) and his son, was forced into army succession, including attacking their own cities. The cities had to tear down their city walls and the country was again badly devastated. Daniel himself apparently had to flee.

For the year 1263 Daniel (with his brother Wassylko and son Lev) is mentioned again as a visitor to the Tatar army camp in Burundai.

Daniel was followed by his descendants (Lev 1264-1301), who were able to maintain a certain degree of independence for the country. The family line died out in 1323 and finally in 1340.

literature

  • Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall : History of the Golden Horde in Kipchak, that is the Mongols in Russia: With nine supplementary documents and a family tree, along with a directory of four hundred sources ... and an index of names and subjects. Pesth 1840. ( E-copy ).
  • Günther Stökl : Russian history. From the beginnings to the present (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 244). 5th enlarged edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-520-24405-5 .
  • Günther Stökl: The Principality of Galizien-Wolhynien , in: Manfred Hellmann (ed.), Handbook of the history of Russia. Vol. 1: From the formation of the Kiev Empire to the Moscow Zartum (beginnings until 1613). Stuttgart 1976-1988, pp. 484-531.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Andreas Kappeler : Unequal Brothers - Russians and Ukrainians from the Middle Ages to the Present , CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2017, ISBN 9783406714108 , p. 38
  2. ↑ Hammer-Purgstall p. 531
personal data
SURNAME Daniel Romanowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Daniel Romanowitsch of Galicia (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Prince of Kievan Rus
DATE OF BIRTH 1201
DATE OF DEATH 1264
Place of death Chełm