Silesian (Polish dialect)

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Silesian dialects

Spoken in

Silesia in Poland and the Czech Republic
speaker 509,000
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in -
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

-

ISO 639-3

szl

Languages ​​and dialects in Eastern Central Europe, "G1" includes the area of ​​Silesian
Silesian languages ​​according to Alfred Zaręba (1988): 1: Kreuzburger dialect (kluczborski); 2: Opole dialect (opolski); 3: Falkenberg dialect (niemodliński); 4: Neustädter dialect (prudnicki); 5: Medium Gleiwitzer dialect (gliwicki centralny); 6a: Dialect in the Gleiwitz-Opole border region (pogranicza gliwicko-opolskiego); 6b: dialect in the Silesian-Lesser Poland border region (pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego), 7: Teschen dialect (cieszyński); 8: Jablunkau dialect (jabłonkowski); 9: Silesian- Lachish dialect (pogranicza śląsko-laskiego).

Silesian is spoken as a Polish dialect in Upper Silesia and partly in Czech Silesia . In linguistics, it is regarded as one of the four major dialect groups of Polish and by a few linguists even as a separate language group. The dialect is similar to the Teschen dialect , which was mostly considered as its subgroup.

Own name

While in Polish one speaks of the Silesian colloquial language or the Silesian dialect ( dialekt śląski , gwara śląska ), the native speakers call them Silesian language ( ślónsko godka / ślónsko mowa ) or simply Silesian ( po ślónsku ) for short . In German , the term Silesian refers to the Silesian dialects of the German language . For the Polish dialect there are also the rather negative terms Wasserpolnisch (also for Upper Silesian ) and Schlonsakisch , the Germanized form of śląski . In Teschen Silesia , the dialect is locally called po naszymu (= on ours ).

Silesian Polish is used almost exclusively orally in its various dialects. But there are attempts to develop a uniform written language. Different ways of writing the self-name result from different approaches to writing.

speaker

Funerary inscription "Rest in Peace" in the Teschen dialect in the Lutheran cemetery in Střítež u Českého Těšína in the Czech Republic , in the Olsa region
A pub in Piekary Śląskie (German Piekar) with a Silesian name (literally "sideboard") and inscriptions ("Caution. Come down to us here.")

The number of speakers was only precisely determined in Poland and amounted to 509,000 in 2011, of which 36,606 declared a nationality other than Polish. A total of 817,000 (2011 census) in Poland and 10,800 in the Czech Republic (2001 census) of the respondents described themselves as ethnic Silesians . How many people (or if any at all) in Germany call themselves (Polish) Silesians and, if applicable, how many speak the Polish dialect Silesian has never been determined.

Some linguists disagree as to whether Silesian is a Polish dialect or whether it can be regarded as a separate language alongside Polish. Some argue that this language form arose through the mixing of Polish, German and Czech, and thus not a dialect from a dialect continuum, but probably just a dialect that also separates one ethnic group from others. Others, however, see Silesian as a mixed language based on Polish with Czech elements and numerous Germanisms.

On July 18, 2007, the SIL awarded Silesian the ISO-639 language abbreviation szl .

features

The grammar is largely identical to the Polish one. There are only several Germanisms and influences from the Czech. Silesian itself differs from town to town. There are few common features:

  • Assimilation of voiceless consonants to the following sonants, also across word boundaries;
  • Ending of the 1st person singular simple past in -ch (and not -m as in the standard language);

The so-called Masurian is also typical of the northern dialects , i. H. the pronunciation of sz as s , ż as z , cz as c, and dż as dz ; it occurs less often in the Upper Silesian dialects.

The nasality of the vowels ą or ę (as in standard Polish ) is transformed in part of the Silesian dialect area to the combination of “non-nasal vowel + nasal consonant”, such as “yn” or “ón” (as in e.g. Ślónzok written and pronounced).

The southern Silesian dialects represent a transition from Polish to Czech (and Slovak ) in a certain sense , but also have Germanisms with a share of 2 to 10% depending on the area.

The ethnolinguistic structure of Upper Silesia (1819–1910)

Polish and German-speaking population
(Opole district)
year 1819 1828 1831 1837 1840
Polish 377,100 (67.2%) 418,437 456.348 495,362 525.395
German 162,600 (29.0%) 255.383 257.852 290.168 330.099
year 1843 1846 1852 1858 1861
Polish 540.402 568,582 584.293 612,849 665.865
German 348.094 364.175 363,990 406,950 409.218
year 1867 1890 1900 1905 1910
Polish 742.153 918,728 (58.2%) 1,048,230 (56.1%) 1,158,805 (56.9%) 1,169,340 (53.0%)
German 457,545 566,523 (35.9%) 684,397 (36.6%) 757,200 (37.2%) 884,045 (40.0%)

Silesian today

After the system change in Poland , this dialect experienced a small rebirth in Silesia . In socialist Poland, people were reluctant to hear the dialect because, on the one hand, dialects were considered backward and, on the other hand, Silesian contains many Germanisms. Nevertheless, even before 1989, books mostly with funny content were published, which were written entirely or largely in the Silesian dialect. There are also musical groups that sing Silesian ( Oberschlesien (band) ), cabarets, or radio and television programs that are also held in Silesian.

However, there is no official uniform spelling and alphabet. Numerous proposals combining elements of the Polish and Czech alphabets and spelling are posted on the website .

Comparison between Polish and German dialect

German dialect Polish dialect German Polish
Jungaohs huncwot, rojber Dog becket (naughty boy) łobuz, huncwot
huddle klojzdnonć slip on the ice pośliznąć się
Castrull kastrol large pot, casserole sagan
Noodle bowl noodlekula Rolling pin wałek do ciasta
Ritsche ryczka stool taboret
Sucks knows sausage kiełbasa
rumble růmplować / sznupać rummage around myszkować
Botch fucha Undeclared work, poor work, botch praca na czarno, coll. robota na czarno, Fucha
morass maras Mud, quagmire błoto
Cocott cocot Rooster kogut
Crepe crepel Donuts / donuts pączek
Spirit level waserwoga Spirit level poziomica, waserwaga
Mostrich zynft, mostrich Mustard, Mostert, Mustard, Mostrich musztarda
Turnip oberrieba Kohlrabi kalarepa
Capsule kabsa (Pocket kieszeń spodni
Kluski kluski Dumplings knedel

See also

literature

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  • Paul Weber. 1913. The Poles in Upper Silesia: a statistical study . Julius Springer's publishing bookstore in Berlin
  • Norbert Morciniec . 1989. On the vocabulary of German origin in the Polish dialects of Silesia. Journal for Eastern Research, Volume 83, Issue 3
  • Joseph Partsch . 1896. Silesia: a regional study for the German people. T. 1., The whole country (the language border 1790 and 1890); Pp. 364-367. Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt.
  • Joseph Partsch. 1911. Silesia: a regional study for the German people. T. 2., Landscapes and Settlements . Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt.
  • Lucyna Harc et al. 2013. Cuius Regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000-2000) Volume 1., The Long Formation of the Region Silesia (c. 1000-1526) . Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl ISBN 978-83-927132-1-0 .
  • Lucyna Harc et al. 2014. Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000-2000) Volume 2., The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740) . Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl ISBN 978-83-927132-6-5 .
  • Lucyna Harc et al. 2014. Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000-2000) Volume 4., Region Divided: Times of Nation-States (1918-1945) . Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl ISBN 978-83-927132-8-9 .
  • Gerd Hentschel. 2002. " Silesian ". Okuka M. (ed.): Lexicon of the languages ​​of the European East. Klagenfurt, 437–441 (= Wieser Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe 10).
  • Tomasz Kamusella . 2014. Ślōnsko godka / The Silesian Language . Zabrze: NOS, ISBN 978-83-60540-22-0 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2014. Warszawa like lepiej Ślązaków nie ma. O dyskryminacji i języku śląskim [Warsaw Knows Better - The Silesians Don't Exist: On Discrimination and the Silesian Language]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, ISBN 978-83-60540-21-3 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2013. The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics, pp. 1-35. The world of the Slaves . Volume 58, No. 1.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Silesian in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Language Caught in the Net of Conflicting Nationalisms, Politics, and Identities pp. 769-789. 2011. Nationalities Papers . No. 5.
  • Tomasz Kamusella: Language: Talking or trading blows in the Upper Silesian industrial basin? In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication . tape 30 , no. 1 , January 2011, p. 3–24 , doi : 10.1515 / mult.2011.002 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Échanges de paroles ou de coups en Haute-Silésie: la langue comme 'lieu' de contacts et de luttes interculturels [Exchange of Words or Blows in Upper Silesia: Language as a “Place” of Contacts and Intercultural Struggles] p. 133 -152. Cultures d'Europe centrale. No. 8: Lieux communs de la multiculturalité urbaine en Europe centrale , ed by Delphine Bechtel and Xavier Galmiche. Paris: CIRCE.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2007. Uwag kilka o dyskryminacji Ślązaków i Niemców górnośląskich w postkomunistycznej Polsce [A Few Remarks on the Discrimination of the Silesians and Upper Silesia's Germans in Postcommunist Poland]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, ISBN 978-83-60540-68-8 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2006. Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Upper Silesia, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach [Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants] (2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, ISBN 978-83-60540-51-0 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Codzienność komunikacyjno-językowa na obszarze historycznego Górnego Śląska [The Everyday Language Use in Historical Upper Silesia] pp. 126–156. In: Robert Traba (ed.): Akulturacja / asymilacja na pograniczach kulturowych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w XIX i XX wieku [Acculturation / Assimilation in the Cultural Borderlands of East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (Volume 1: Stereotypy i pamięć [stereotypes and memory]). Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN and Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Czy śląszczyzna jest językiem? Spojrzenie socjolingwistyczne [Is Silesian a Language? A Sociolinguistic View] pp. 27-35. In: Andrzej Roczniok (ed.): Śląsko godka - jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język? / Ślōnsko godko - dialect jeszcze eli już jednak szpracha . Zabrze: NOŚ.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2006. Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm (Volume II) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, ISBN 83-919589-2-2 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2005. Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm (Volume I) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, ISBN 83-919589-2-2 .
  • Tomasz Kamusella: The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms1 . In: Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism . tape 4 , no. 1 , March 2004, ISSN  1754-9469 , p. 19-39 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1754-9469.2004.tb00056.x .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 2001. Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Upper Silesia, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach [Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants]. Elbląg, Poland: Elbląska Oficyna Wydawnicza, ISBN 83-913452-2-X .
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 1999. Język a Śląsk Opolski w kontekście integracji europejskiej [Language and Opole Silesia in the Context of European Integration] pp. 12-19. Śląsk Opolski. No. 3. Opole, Poland: Instytut Śląski.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. The Upper Silesian Creole: Language and Nationalism in Upper Silesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries [The Upper Silesian Creole: Language and Nationalism in the 19th and 20th Centuries] pp. 142–161. In: Markus Krzoska, Peter Tokarski (ed.): The history of Poland and Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. Selected contributions . Osnabrück: fiber.
  • Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. Kreol górnośląski [The Upper Silesian Creole] pp. 73-84. Kultura i Społeczeństwo. No. 1. Warsaw, Poland: Komitet Socjologii ISP PAN.
  • Andrzej Roczniok and Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Sztandaryzacyjo ślōnski godki / Standaryzacja języka śląskiego [The Standardization of the Silesian Language] pp. 288-294. In: IV Abisigomian (ed.): Lingvokul'turnoe prostranstvo sovremennoi Evropy cherez prizmu malykh i bolshikh iazykov. K 70-letiiu professora Aleksandra Dimitrievicha Dulichenko (Ser: Slavica Tartuensis, Volume 9. Tartu: Tartu University).
  • Robert Semple. London 1814. Observations made on a tour from Hamburg through Berlin, Gorlitz, and Breslau, to Silberberg; and thence to Gottenburg. Pp. 122-123 ( books.google.pl ).
Fiction

Web links

Wikipedia in Silesian
Wiktionary: Water Polish  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań Results 2011. ( Memento of October 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) - Central Statistical Office of Poland.
  2. ↑ Izabela Winiarska: Zasięg terytorialny i podziały dialektu śląskiego . Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  3. ↑ Jadwiga Wronicz (u a..): Słownik gwarowy Śląska Cieszyńskiego. Wydanie drugie, poprawione i rozszerzone . Galeria "Na Gojach", Ustroń 2010, ISBN 978-83-60551-28-8 , p. 28 .
  4. ↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: szl on sil.org
  5. ↑ Georg Hassel: Statistical outline of the entire European and the most distinguished non-European states, in terms of their development, size, population, financial and military constitution, presented in tabular form. First issue, which presents the two great powers Austria and Prussia and the German Confederation. Verlag des Geographisches Institut, Weimar 1823, p. 34. Total population 1819 - 561,203; National Diversity 1819: Poland - 377,100; Germans - 162,600; Moravians - 12,000; Jews - 8,000 and Czechs - 1,600 ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Paul Weber: The Poles in Upper Silesia. A statistical study. Julius Springer, Berlin 1913, pp. 8–9 ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ a b c d Paul Weber: The Poles in Upper Silesia. A statistical study. Julius Springer. Berlin 1913. p. 27 ( digitized version ).
  8. ↑ synonyme.woxikon.de
  9. ↑ Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi. 2014. The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland pp. 35-60. The Eurasia Border Review . Volume 5, No. 2, case. ( src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp PDF). Review: Mark Brüggemann. 2013.Slōnsko godka. The Silesian language, ( pol-int.org ). Review: Michael Moser 2013. Zeitschrift für Slawistik pp. 118–119. Volume 58, No. 1. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
  10. ^ Review: Michael Moser 2013. Zeitschrift für Slawistik pp. 118–119. Volume 58, No. 1. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
  11. ↑ Review: Anon. 2010. The Sarmatian Review . Sept. p. 1530). Review: Svetlana Antova. 2007. Bulgarian Ethnology / Bulgarska etnologiia. No. 4, pp. 120-121.
  12. ^ Review: Kai Struve. 2006. Journal for East Central Europe Research. No. 4. Marburg, Herder Institute pp. 611-613. ( herder-institut.de PDF). Review: Kai Struve. 2007. Recenzyjo Instituta Herdera [Herder-Institute's Review] pp. 26-27. Ślůnsko Nacyjo. No. 5, July. Zabrze: NOŚ. Review: Jerzy Tomaszewski . 2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] pp. 280-283. Przegląd Historyczny. No. 2. Warsaw: DiG and University of Warsaw. Review: Jerzy Tomaszewski. 2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] pp. 8-12. 2007. Ślůnsko Nacyjo. Number 12, December. Zabrze: NOŚ.
  13. ^ Review: Andreas R Hofmann. 2002. Journal for East Central Europe Research. No. 2. Marburg, Herder Institute p. 311. Review: Anon: Esej o naszym regionie [An Essay on Our region] p. 4. Głos Ludu. Gazeta Polaków w Republice Czeskiej. No. 69, June 11, 2002, Ostrava , Czech Republic: Vydavatelství OLZA. Review: Walter Żelazny 2003. Niech żyje śląski invited [Long Live the Silesian People] pp. 219–223. Sprawy Narodowościowe. No. 22. Poznań, Poland: Zakład Badań Narodowościowych PAN.