Lachish language

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Lachish
Linguistic
classification
Moravian dialects (lachish yellow)

The Lachian ( Lašsko language , Czech lašský jazyk , Polish gwary laskie , język laski or Lechicki ; not to be confused with the preamble Lechitic languages ) is a dialect group of West Slavic languages , which in parts of Czech Silesia and in hlučín region south but also in the neighboring eastern northern Moravia as well as in Polish Upper Silesia in the region south of the city of Racibórz around Krzanowice is spoken. Most Czech researchers consider it a vernacular of the Moravian dialect of the Czech language. The language also aroused the curiosity of many Polish dialectologists, who considered numerous Polish-linguistic influences in this transition dialect.

Occasionally the Teschen dialects , especially from the 1950s to the 1990s, are referred to as Eastern Lachish. These languages ​​/ dialects are considered to be the transition between the Polish, Upper Silesian, Moravian and Czech languages ​​and are also assigned to the Silesian dialect continuum .

The historical language area of ​​the Lachish dialects in the Czech Republic (the Teschen dialects in the Czech Republic and Poland in a darker shade)
  • Historically Lachish-speaking places in today's Poland

    • The ethnographic ethnic group of the Lachen (Laši in Czech) or Lachei does not coincide with the spread of the Moravian-Lachish dialects. Geographically, the area of ​​the Lachish languages ​​was separated from the rest of the Moravian dialects by the Sudetes and the West Beskids . In addition, across the Moravian Gate , the main communication route in this area to the south, was Kuhländchen , a Sudeten-German linguistic peninsula, reinforcing the geographic separation of the Lachish dialects.

    Differences from Czech

    The main differences include:

    • Vocabulary that is partially incomprehensible for Czechs and sounds that do not occur in Czech, e.g. B. Affricates dz, dž (voiced counterparts of c and č ), the sliding sound ŭ (usually written ł ),
    • Stress on the penultimate syllable of the measure group (as in Polish, in Czech on the first; e.g. 'widzioł , wi'dziołech , widzie'li my , ' na wyrch , 'na ziym , ' bez psa , mio'łech go , da'ła mu ),
    • other declination - paradigms ,
    • numerous sound shifts ,
    • no distinction between long and short vowels (as in Polish or Sorbian ),
    • no prosthetic v (such as okno [vokno] "window" in Czech ).

    Lachish, which is close to Polish, is divided into numerous subdialects (West, East and South Lachisch). It can also be understood as a dialect association, but no traffic dialect has developed. This dialectic differentiation is atypical for the Czech Republic because otherwise interdialects predominate, especially in the west of the republic.

    As a result of the general decline in dialects , most of the Lachish native speakers (especially the youth) also speak Czech, but not without an accent and (like the Moravians ) more of the written language, not the common Bohemian common in Bohemia .

    Typical Lachish passwords are e.g. B. kaj ( wo , Czech kde , Polish gdzie ), which is also used in Upper Silesia, or bo ( because , Czech protože , Polish bo ).

    Lachish contains many Germanisms , according to some sources up to 8% of the vocabulary. Although the Lachish-speaking population is down to earth, 43% of the Sudeten Germans lived in Austrian Silesia , but they were expelled in 1945.

    Outline of Lachish

    Lachish dialects

    There are three Lachish dialects:

    • Troppauer Lachisch (borders on the Polish-speaking area, on the Ostrava Lachish and on the North Moravian dialects)
    • Ostrava Lachish (borders on the Polish-speaking area, on the Troppauer Lachish, on Teschen dialects and on the north-east Moravian dialects)
    • Moravian-Lachish (borders on Troppauer Lachisch, Ostrauer Lachisch and East Moravian dialects) - a transition dialect to the East Moravian dialects

    Features of the Lachish dialects

    Troppauer (western) dialects:

    • i instead of 'á (e.g. smič se "laugh"),
    • a series of palatal sibilants (š, č, ž, dž),
    • tautosyllabic aj (e.g. najlepšy, daj ),
    • Type našo polo,
    • oneho, onej instead of jeho, jej,
    • -u in the 3rd person pl. (e.g. oni prošu, myslu ),
    • Fading of v between vowels (e.g. strykoji, only in the west),
    • epenthetic j before soft consonants (only in the West),
    • -am, -ach, -ama in all paradigms Dat./Lok./Ins. Pl. Of all genera (only in the west),
    • Acc. Of personal pronouns mja, ča.

    Ostrauer (Eastern) dialects:

    • syllable r with usurious sounds (e.g. kyrk ),
    • Ins. Pl. Fem. -u (e.g. s tu dobru robu ),
    • Umlaut -aj > -ej,
    • -á > -o (only in the far east),
    • eN > i / yN , oN > uN (only in the extreme east),
    • palatales ś, ź in ňeśe, veźe (only in the extreme east),
    • suffixoid auxiliary verbs -ch, -ś etc. (e.g. yoch je rod; only in the extreme east).

    Moravian-Lachish (southern) dialects (in the area between Stauding , Misteck , Frankstadt ):

    • ť, ď ,
    • Dative of the reflexive pronoun sy (opposite se in other Silesian-Moravian dialects).

    Some isoglosses:

    • ja ňejsem / ja sem ňeňi "I am not" (about w./ö. the line Hlučín - Místek ),
    • un ňeňi / un nima (extreme east east of Ostrau and Frýdek ).

    With the Teschen dialects, Lachish shares the resulting past tense with být + PPP (e.g. ona je přijeta "she came"), which among the Slavic languages ​​only occurs in the south-western dialects of the Macedonian languages. The agent is used in the passive, if at all, with od + gene. expressed (e.g. ona była přejeta od motorky "she was run down by a motorcycle"), as well as in the Teschen dialects.

    Text examples

    Poem Óndra Łysohorsky (Lachish)

    Kaj noród mój?
    Pisany je mój wérš nocami.
    Yoke był jak pes wyhnany w swět.
    Yoke błudził wečer ulicami
    a społ jak chachar pod mostami,
    mój žiwot ňeznoł žodén kwět.
    Jo zatracény syn Ostrawy
    pro kořéň mjesta némjéł sém.
    Kus Polska tam, tu kus Morawy,
    tu buržuj Čech, tam Polok drawy.
    Kaj noród mój? Kaj lašsko zém? ...

    Text example from Baborów

    Baborów was a Lachish language island in Germany (now in Poland) until the early 20th century. The text is in Polish notation:

    Rałz siekli trze chłopi trałwu na łuce. Jak ju zejsiekli, siedli se do kupky a rozprałwiali. Jedyn zacznuł opowiedać o Meluz-inie. Wrałz se porwał wielki wicher. Wtim przyszła ku nim szumnał pani a prawiyła: "Jał jest ta, co o ni rzuńdzicie. Eli to zrobicie, co wum powim, to budu wybawynał. Nejprzodzi budzie welnałski mrałz; to wydyric tejcie stanie se wicher, aw tim wichrze uzdrzicie rozmańte wieca; to niy micie strachu ". Ci chłopi obiecali to zrobić, co im ta pani kałzała. A una sie straciyła. Jak tak jeszcze siedzieli w kupie, zrobiyła se wrałz strasznał zima. I zaczli myrznuć. Dyrkotali po całim ciele a zubama zgrzitali. Ale wydyrżeli. Po mrojzie przyszedł welki hic. Było tak horko, co ażby o mało byli zemdleli. Everyone ś nich już chcioł uciejc. Ci drudzy go jednak zadyrżeli. Potim hicu porwoł se wicher, aw tim wichrze widzeli rozańte straszna. To wszyscy trze chcieli uciekać. Ale spumnieło se im, co tej pani obiecali. I tim razym wytwali. Za chwilu było cicho. I przyszła zajś ta pani, dziekowała i dała im moc peniz, bo uni ju wybawiyli.

    An Ostrau folk song

    V jednym dumku na Zarubku
    mjal tam chlopek švarnu robku,
    ale robka teho chlopka rada nimjala.
    A ten její chlopek dobrotisko byl,
    Un te svoji robce všicko porobil,
    Čepani ji pomyl, bravkum daval žrať,
    Děcko mušel kolibať.

    Robil všecko, choval děcko,
    taky to byl dobrotisko,
    ale robka teho chlopka rada nimjala.
    Štvero novych šatuv, štvero střevice,
    Do kostela nešla, enem k muzice,
    Same šminkovani, sama parada,
    Chlopka nimjala rada.

    A chlopisku dobrotisku
    sluze kanum po fusisku,
    jak to vidí, jak to slyší, jako robka je.
    Dožralo to chlopka, že tak hlupy byl,
    do hospody zašel, vyplatu přepil,
    a jak domu přišel, řval jak hrom by bil,
    a tu svoju robku zbil.

    Včil ma robka rada chlopka,
    jak un pisko ona hopka,
    Hanysko sem, Hanysku tam,
    jo tě rada mam.
    Věřte mi ludkově, že to tak ma byť,
    raz za čas třa robce kožuch vyprašiť,
    a potom je dobro ta jak ovečka
    a ma rada chlopečka.

    Selection of Lachish literary works and authors

    On the basis of the Lachish dialect ( Oberostrauer dialect ), the poet and linguist Óndra Łysohorsky created his first literary works in a regional Lachish literary language in the 1930s. In this literary language he borrowed some letters from the Polish alphabet, such as ł and ó , which he used in his pseudonym. In 1936 he initiated the Lachish Perspective Society (Lašsko perspektywa) in Ostrava, which supported Lachish activities in the fields of culture , literature and education . The society found numerous enthusiastic supporters among its compatriots and contributed significantly to the fact that soon other authors followed Łysohorsky's example and also wrote works in Lachish. Among them: Jan Stunavsky (actually: Jan Lisník), Jozef Šinovsky (actually: Jozef Bilan), Jura Hanys (actually: Bohumil Marek) u. a. Her literary activity in Lachish ended with the outbreak of World War II and there were only a few shy attempts to resume it after the war, which were associated with repression by the communist regime of the Czechoslovakia .

    poetry

    Óndra Łysohorsky

    • "Spjewajuco piaść" (Singing Faust) (1934),
    • "Hłos hrudy" (Voice of the Earth) (1935),
    • "Wybrane wérše" (poems) (1936),
    • "Lašsko poezyja 1931-1937" (Lachish poetry 1931-1937),
    • "Aj lašske řéky płynu do mořa" (Lachian rivers flow into the sea) (1958),
    • “Lašsko poezyja 1931-1977” (Lachish poetry 1931-1977) (1988);

    Jan Stunavsky

    “Melodyje z hur” (Mountain Melodies) (1945);

    prose

    Josef Šinovky

    "Hałdy na roli" (spoil heaps in the field) (1945)

    Emilie Gudrichová

    "Slezsko mluví" (Silesia speaks) (1946)

    literature

    • Jan Balhar: Skladba lašských nářečí ( The Syntax of the Lachish Dialects ) (= Česká nářečí. Volume 7). Academia, Prague 1974.
    • Kevin Hannan: The Lachian Literary Language of Óndra Łysohorsky . In: Slavic and East European Journal 40, 1996, ISSN  0037-6752 , pp. 726-743.
    • Adolf Kellner: Východolašská nářečí , parts 1 and 2 (= Moravská s slezská nářečí. Volumes 3–4). Ministerstvo školství, Brno 1946–1949.
    • Zdeňka Sochová: Lašská slovní zásoba. Jihovýchodní okraj západolašské oblasti. Academia, Prague 2001, ISBN 80-200-0421-1 .

    References

    1. ↑ according to the Herder Institute
    2. ↑ laskie gwary. Dziedzictwo językowe Rzeczypospolitej, 2020, accessed June 24, 2020 (Polish).
    3. ↑ Stanisław Bąk even described it as of Polish origin In: Mowa polska na Śląsku , Wrocław-Warszawa 1974
    4. ↑ January Kajfosz: Magic in the Social Construction of the Past: the Case of Cieszyn Silesia , p 357, 2013;
    5. ↑ Jaromír Bělič: Východolašská nářečí , 1949 (Czech)
    6. ↑ Dušan Šlosar ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 458 kB) and Aleksandr D. Duličenko ( memento of the original from October 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 170 kB). In: Miloš Okuka, Gerald Krenn (ed.): Lexicon of the Languages ​​of the European East (= Encyclopedia of the European East, Vol. 10). Wieser, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85129-510-2 . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at
    7. ↑ From the book S. Bąks, Mowa polska na Śląsku. Written down before 1937 by F. Steuer

    Web links