Hultschiner Ländchen

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Hultschiner Ländchen (Czech Republic)
Cercle rouge 50% .svg
The Hultschiner Ländchen in the east of the Czech Republic

The Hultschiner Ländchen (Czech Hlučínsko , Polish kraik hulczyński , ziemia hulczyńska ) in Okres Opava in the Czech Republic is part of Czech Silesia . The area in the north-east of the country on the border with Poland is named after the city of Hlučín (German Hultschin), the largest town in the region. Despite the coal deposits in the eastern part of the country on Landek near Petrzkowitz (1939 to 1945 Petershofen, today Ostrava -Petřkovice), the 286 km² area has never been economically important.

history

Sketch map with German place names

The Hultschiner Ländchen has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age. In the 9th to 11th centuries it was settled by Moravian Slavs . In the 13th to 14th centuries, the German settlement and the implementation of German law for the Slavic settlements took place. The Hultschiner Ländchen was part of the Duchy of Opava , which belonged to the Crown of Bohemia , since the separation from the Margraviate of Moravia at the end of the 14th century , but the local Roman Catholic parishes belonged to the Diocese of Olomouc and not to the Diocese of Wroclaw until the 20th century . After the Hussite Wars and the Thirty Years' War , the area became impoverished. In the Silesian War Austria lost the Hultschiner Ländchen to Prussia in 1742 . It became part of the Prussian province of Silesia . From 1 May 1816 belonged to the newly created Region of Opole , Racibórz .

Czechoslovak demands at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919

Due to Czech demands (initially from Ziegenhals in the west to Pless in the east, including with Ratibor ), Article 83 of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 ("Germany renounces the Hultschiner Ländchen in favor of Czechoslovakia"), the area with the entry into force of the treaty on 10. January 1920 slammed into Czechoslovakia without a referendum. Before that, 93.7% of the 48,446 eligible voters had voted in favor of remaining with Germany in a voluntary referendum.

The area was cleared by the German authorities by February 4, 1920 and then occupied by Czechoslovak troops. The affiliation of the rural communities and manor districts of Sandau , Haatsch and Owschütz , which were provisionally subordinate to the Inter-Allied Commission for Upper Silesia due to imprecise border determination , but were not allowed to take part in the referendum in Upper Silesia , remained unclear .

The final setting of the limit in 1924 still provided for minor deviations.

The exchange of the rural communities and manor districts of Haatsch and Sandau for the Rakowiec colony of the rural community of Schillersdorf and the Vorwerk Lichtenhof of the manor district of Rohow was decided by the border committee on December 19, 1922 and confirmed by a note from the ambassadors conference of January 23, 1923. Lichtenhof and Rakowiec were taken over by Prussia on March 8, 1923, Haatsch and Sandau by Czechoslovakia on March 16, 1923. Several Moravian- speaking places remained on the German side of the border, such as the towns of Krzanowice and Baborów , or the villages of Chrościelów , Ściborzyce Wielkie or Borucin .

Thus a total of 68 communal units, namely 1 urban municipality, 37 rural municipalities and 30 manor districts , had changed their citizenship. From then on, the Hultschiner Ländchen belonged to Czechoslovakia as the political district of Hlučín .

In autumn 1923 the German parties received a total of 76.4% of the votes in the first Czechoslovak local elections in the Hultschiner Ländchen.

After the Munich Agreement of September 29, 1938, the Hultschiner Ländchen was occupied by the German Empire on October 1, 1938 . The political district of Hlučín from then on bore the German name again. It comprised the judicial district of Hultschin and since November 20, 1938 has been known as the district . Until that day he was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Colonel General von Brauchitsch , as head of the military administration.

The next day, the district of Hultschin was formally incorporated into the German Empire , as part of the administrative district of the Sudeten German Territories under Reich Commissioner Konrad Henlein .

From April 15, 1939, the “Law on the Development of Administration in the Reichsgau Sudetenland” (Sudetengaugesetz) came into force. After that, the Hultschin district did not become part of the new Reichsgau Sudetenland , but returned to the Ratibor district in the Prussian province of Silesia (from 1941: Upper Silesia).

In 1945 the area went back to Czechoslovakia. The population was classified as Czech by the Czechoslovak authorities, which should justify the claim of the ČSR to the area as early as 1920. In fact, the mother tongue of most of the Hultschiner was a Slavic dialect, which their speakers, however, called "Moravian" and which, from a linguistic point of view, belongs to the Lachish dialect group. In any case, the Hultschiner were spared from being expelled en bloc. Only a relatively small number of people, mostly Reich or Sudeten German immigrants and a few monolingual families, were forcibly resettled . Similar to the Polish Germans , the autochthonous inhabitants of the Hultschiner Ländchen today have dual citizenship from birth. German minority associations are also active in the region, for example in Deutsch-Krawarn , Bolatitz and in the city of Hultschin itself. Economically, the region is linked to the industrial conurbation around Ostrava and culturally assimilated to the Czech Republic, and there are family and professional ties to the Federal Republic of Germany but the rule in almost every family. Despite some cultural partnerships and the small border traffic, contacts with the geographically and historically close Polish Upper Silesia rarely occur, probably due to the rural character of the neighboring Ratibor region.

Localities

The 38 original cities and municipalities of the Hultschiner Ländchen are shown in the table:

The map shows the 38 original towns and cities.
The original Prussian-Austrian border is shown in gray,
the German-Czech border after the assignment from 1920–1923 in red.
Present name
(Czech)
German Polish coat of arms
Antošovice Antoschowitz Antoszowice Antošovice CoA.svg
Bělá Bielau , older also Belau (1349) Biała Bela (Opava) CoA CZ.jpg
Bobrovníky Bobrownik , older also Bobernig (1377) Bobrowniki
Bohuslavice Buslawitz Bugusławice Bohuslavice (okres Opava) CoA.jpg
Bolatice Bolatitz , older also Poletitz (1349) Bolacice Znak obce Bolatice.jpg
Darkovice Groß Darkowitz , older also Darcendorf (1265), Tarken (1349) Darkowice
Darkovičky Klein Darkowitz , older also Dorken (1377) Darkowice Małe,
Darkowiczki
Coa Czech Town Darkovice.svg
Dobroslavice Dobroslawitz Dobroslavice.jpg
Dolní Benešov Beneschau Beneszów Dolní Benešov znak.png
Has Haatsch , first mentioned as Latin villa Siffridi ( Siegfriedsdorf ) in 1349. Gać Hať OP CoA.jpg
Hlučín Hultschin , older also, Hulschin (1303), Hultzen (1385) Hluczyn,
Hulczyn
Hlučín znak.png
Hněvošice Schreibersdorf , older also Schreiberdorf (1349) Gniewoszyce Znak obce Hněvošice.gif
Hošťálkovice Hoschialkowitz , also Hoschalkowitz Hoszczałkowice Hošťálkovice CoA.jpg
Chlebičov Sticky Chlebiczów Chlebicov znak.jpg
Chuchelná Kuchelna , older also Kocheln (1425) Kuchelna Chuchelná znak.png
Kobeřice Köberwitz Kobierzyce Koberice.jpg
Koblov Koblau Koblów Koblov CoA.svg
Kouty Chewing Kąty Znak města Kravaře.gif
Kozmice Cosmütz Koźmice Kozmice znak.png
Kravaře German cravat Krawarz Znak města Kravaře.gif
Lhotka Ellguth-Hultschin,
Ellgoth-Hultschin
Ligotka Lhotka CoA.jpg
Ludgeřovice Ludgierzowitz, from 1907 Ludgerstal Ludgierzowice Ludgeřovice CoA CZ.jpg
Malé Hoštice Kleinhoschütz Goszczyce Małe,
Małe Hoszyce
Malé Hoštice CoA CZ.jpg
Markvartovice Markersdorf , older also Margwartsdorf (1377) Markwartowice Markvartovice CoA CZ.jpg
Oldřišov Odersch , older also Oderschau (1349) Oldrzyszów Oldřišov CoA.jpg
Petřkovice Petershofen Pietrzkowice Petřkovice CoA.jpg
Píšť Sandau Piszcz Coa Czech Town Píšť.svg
Rohov Rohow , older also Rogau (1347) Rogów Rohov CoA.jpg
Služovice Schlausewitz , also Schlusewitz Służowice Služovice CoA.jpg
Strahovice Strandorf Strachowice Znak obce Strahovice.svg
Sudice Zauditz Sudzice Sudice (Opava) CoA CZ.jpg
Šilheřovice Schillersdorf , older also Scholasdorf (1377) Szylerzowice Znak obce Šilheřovice.jpg
Štěpánkovice Schepankowitz Szczepankowice Štěpánkovice znak.png
Třebom Thröm Trzebom Třebom CoA.jpg
Velké Hoštice Großhoschütz Goszczyce Wielkie,
Wielkie Hoszyce
Znak obce Velké Hoštice.gif
Vrbka Weidental , first mentioned in 1349 under the name Wiperc (Wiberg). Wierzbka Vrbka KM CZ CoA.jpg
Vřesina Wreschin , older also Brissein (1349) Wrzesin Vřesina OP CoA.jpg
Zábřeh Oppau Zabrzeg Dolní Benešov znak.png
Zavada Zawada-Beneschau Zawada Závada CoA.jpg

Personalities

literature

  • Rudolf Stransky: Hlučínsko , Volume 8 of the Slezská knihovnička (Silesian Library), Opava 1938.
  • Gerhard Schellin: The Hultschiner Ländchen - A regional study . (Diss.) Dramburg 1933.
  • August Scholtis : Twenty-three songs from Hultschin. With pen drawings by Wilhelm Doms . Rabenpresse , Berlin 1935.
  • Hultschiner Ländchen . In: Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 198-200.
  • Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places. Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 .
  • Ludmila Hořká: Národopisné paběrky z Hlučínska . Vyd. 2. Kulturní středisko zámek Kravaře, Kravaře 2002, ISBN 80-902889-7-9 , ( Ethnographic gleanings from the Hultschiner Ländchen ).
  • Vilém Plaček: Prajzáci. Aneb K osudům Hlučínska 1742–1960 . 2. upravené a double. vyd. František Maj, Háj ve Slezsku 2007, ISBN 978-80-86458-21-2 , ( The Prussians or on the fate of the Hultschiner country ).

Web links

Commons : Hultschiner Ländchen  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  2. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  3. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  4. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  5. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  6. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  7. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  8. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  9. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  10. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  11. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  12. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  13. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  14. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  15. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  16. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.
  17. Hošák, Ladislav / Šrámek, Rudolf - Místní jména na Moravě a ve Slezsku I.-II. Prague 1970-80.

Coordinates: 49 ° 57 '  N , 18 ° 8'  E