Emilian language

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Emilian (Emigliàn)

Spoken in

Emilia ( Italy )
speaker ≈3 million
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

roa (other Romance languages)

ISO 639-3

egl

Distribution area of ​​the Emilian. The language area of Romagna is colored darker.

Emilian describes a group of linguistic varieties of Galloital , which are colloquially called Dialetti (= dialects) and which belong to the Padan branch. These language varieties are spoken in the historical region of Emilia , which roughly comprises the territory of the provinces of Piacenza , Parma , Reggio Emilia , Modena , Ferrara and part of the metropolitan city of Bologna (this side of the Sillaro River ). The Romagna region begins beyond the Sillaros . Both historical regions form the administrative region of Emilia-Romagna .

The Emilian language, like all other languages ​​of the Padan branch, was recognized as a European minority language by the Council of Europe and has been included in the UNESCO ( Red Book on endangered languages ) as a protected language as well as in the Ethnologue language atlas .

In current research, Emilian belongs to the western Romance languages, such as French , Occitan , Catalan , Ligurian , Lombard , Piedmontese and Romagnol , while Italian belongs to the branch of the eastern Romance languages.

An Emilian Koin language does not exist.

The boundaries to the other Padan dialects are rather fluid at the phonetic and vocabulary level , so that some dialectologists have some border varieties of Lombard such as those of Mantua , Pavia or Voghera as transitional forms between Lombard and Emilian, others even as real Emilian designated.

The dialect of Lunigiana , a region in northwestern Tuscany , also belongs to the Emilian branch.

Dialect varieties

The Emilian branch is divided into five sub-branches, which differ in sound and vocabulary.

Language peculiarities

The Emilian dialects all have features in common with the Padan language varieties. a .:

  • the truncation of the end vowels in relation to standard Italian with the exception of the a and the associated phonetic expansion of the previous sound voice , which can become complex:
    Bolognese mèder (mother), dutåur (doctor), âlber (tree).
  • the presence of round vowels typical of the Western Romance languages . There are four more of them in Lunigian and Western Emilian: ä , ü , ö , å (in Western Emilian especially also ë , a semi-voiceless loud voice that is also present in Piedmontese ), whereas in Middle Emilian there is only one. Compare, for example, the word snail :
    Westemilian : lümäga
    Bolognese : lumèga
    It is assumed that the presence of these vowels is due to the rule of the Boier .
  • Another special feature of Emilian is the weakening of the unstressed syllables, which often tend to zero apophonia :
    Bolognese : śbdèl (hospital) - bdòć (louse) - dscårrer (to speak)
  • the presence of nasal and alveolar sounds (which are written with the special character ń in Bolognese ), such as
    cuséń (pillow) in Bolognese [here it is pronounced as in French]
  • the formation of the plural forms through a sound shift:
    źnòć (knee [sg.]) - źnûć (knee [pl.])
    fardåur (cold) - fardūr (colds)
    uravs (goldsmith) - urêvs (goldsmith)
  • the presence of many verb classes
  • the existence of a question sentence conjugation and a statement sentence conjugation :
    Bolognese a sån (I am) and såggna? (I am?)
  • The compulsory use of the personal pronoun (different from Italian) and the use of stressed forms:
    Middle Emilian me a sun andèe (I have gone) [Compare to moi, je suis allé in French].

Examples

Bolognese Italian
Pèder nòster (= Our Father) Padre nostro
Pèder nòster, Padre nostro
ch't î int al zîl, Che sei nei cieli
ch'al séppa santifichè al tô nómm, Sia santificato il tuo nome
ch'ai véggna al tô raggn, Venga il tuo regno
ch'ai séppa fâta la tô volontè, Sia fatta la tua volontà
cómm in zîl, acsé anc in tèra. Come in cielo, so in terra
Dâs incû al nòster pan d ògni dé, Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano
e dscanzèla i nûster dèbet, E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti
cme nuèter ai dscanzlän ai nûster debitûr, Come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori
e brîsa lasèr ch'a cascaggna in tentaziån, E non ci indurre in tentazione
mo lébbres dal mèl. Ma liberaci dal male
Amen. Amen.

literature

  • Pietro Mainoldi: Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica - Vocabolario . Società tipografica Mareggiani, Bologna 1950 (Rist. Anast .: Sala Bolognese, A. Forni 2000).
  • Fabio Foresti: Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER) . IBACN Emilia-Romagna / Compositori, Bologna 1997.
  • EF Tuttle: Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters . In: Rivista di Linguistica , III: 23-92 (1991).
  • Daniele Vitali, Luigi Lepri [vitali d. e lepri l.]: Dizionario italiano-bolognese, bolognese-italiano . Ed. Vallardi, 2000.

Web links

Wikipedia in Emilian