Reconquista chronological table

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Reconquista ( Spanish for "recapture") is the Spanish and Portuguese term for the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian descendants of the population of the Visigoths , after Muslim conquerors ( Arabs and Berbers ) who camefrom North Africain the early 8th century destroyed the Visigoths and the Iberians Had subdued the peninsula.

Beginnings 711 to 975

Muslim offensives 976 to 1002

  • 976: Almansor sacked Barcelona .
  • 977: Almansor defeats a Christian army.
  • 981: Ramiro III. von León is defeated by Almansor at Rueda and has to pay tribute.
  • 985: Almansor attacks Christian areas several times and loots Barcelona .
  • 986: Almansor burns down the monastery of Saint Cugat del Vallès.
  • 987: Almansor destroys Coimbra , conquers several castles north of the Douro and reaches Santiago de Compostela . The city is evacuated and the Moors burn it to the ground. Al-Mansur has the doors and bells of the sanctuary brought to Córdoba and the sanctuary's church destroyed.
  • 988 Almansor sacks the city of León and burns the city down. He then sacked León, Zamora, and Sahagún and had the monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagún destroyed.
  • 995: After strong resistance from the Beni Gómez family , the rulers of Saldana , Liebana , Carrión and Zamora , Al-Mansur succeeds in destroying the city of Santa Maria de Carrión .
  • 997: Almansor conquers further Christian territories.
  • 1002: Almansor dies after a victorious campaign in Medinaceli . Christian chroniclers posthumously accuse him of a defeat in the alleged battle of Calatañazor .

Choppy battles 1003 to 1211

  • 1003: The Moors devastate León.
  • 1009: The Muslims ravage León again.
  • 1031: The Caliphate of Cordoba falls.
  • 1034: An army under Ismail ibn Abbad from Seville is defeated by forces from León. Gonçalo Trastemires conquers Montemor Castle .
  • 1035: Ferdinand I conquers Coimbra and forces the Muslims of Toledo, Seville and Badajoz to pay tribute.
  • 1036: Bermudo III. defeated the Moors at César , in the Aveiro region
  • 1037: Santiago de Compostela is retaken.
  • 1057: Ferdinand I conquered Lamego and
  • 1058: Viseu of the Moors.
  • 1062: Ferdinand I attacks Toledo with a large army. Emir Al-Mamun becomes tribute to the Kingdom of Castile. Ferdinand then attacks Badajoz and also makes Emir Abbad II. Al-Mu'tadid of Seville liable for tribute.
  • 1063: Battle of Graus . King Ramiro I of Aragon loses the battle against the Hudids of Saragossa and is killed. In response to this, Barbastro is besieged and captured by a united Christian army, which for the first time also includes many French and Norman knights.
  • 1064: Ferdinand I besieged Coimbra and conquered the city. All Muslims are expelled across the Mondego River .
  • 1067: Sancho II and El Cid besiege Saragossa . The siege is lifted after Emir Al-Muqtadir pays a ransom and agrees to pay tribute.
  • 1073: The fortress of Belillos is built, from where the Christian garrison can attack the Granada area .
  • 1076: Ferdinand I conquered Coria in the emirate of Badajoz .
  • 1079: Battle of Cabra . El Cid defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada.
  • 1079: Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI defeats the Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil and occupies large parts of the principality of the Dhun Nunids of Toledo.
  • 1082: Battle of Almenar. Troops from Aragon and Catalonia lay siege to the city of Almenar and are defeated by Al-Mu'tamin of Saragossa. The Count of Barcelona , Berengar Raymond II , is captured.
  • 1085: The Castilians conquer Salamanca and the city of Toledo .
  • 1086: Several emirs ask the Berber Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI. He suffers a devastating defeat against the united army of Moors and Berbers in the battle of Zallaqa in Extremadura.
  • 1087: Alfonso VI. conquers the fortress of Aledo in Murcia . This controls the route between Seville and Granada. The great mosque of Toledo is being converted into a church.
  • 1088: Yusuf ibn Tashfin besieges Aledo for four months without success.
  • 1090: Christian troops conquer Santarém , Lisbon and Sintra .
  • 1092: Moorish attempts to recapture Toledo fail.
  • 1094: An Almoravid army under Sir ibn Abi Bakr recaptures Badajoz and Lisbon. El Cid conquered Valencia from the Moors. The Almoravids land near Cuarte with an army from Morocco and besiege Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid breaks the siege ring and drives the Berbers to flight.
  • 1095: The Almoravids conquer Santarém.
  • 1097: El Cid defeats the Almoravids under Ali ibn al-Haj in the Battle of Bairén . The Almoravids defeat Alfonso VI. in the battle of Consuegra, in which the son of Cid is killed.
  • 1099: The Almoravids under Ali ibn al-Hajj continue to besiege Valencia. El Cid died in Valencia on July 10, 1099.
  • 1100: Molina falls into Christian hands.
  • 1102: The Almoravids conquer Valencia and advance to Saragossa. The Hudids are the last small Moorish kingdom to resist the Almoravid expansion.
  • 1103: The Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (brother of Ali), is killed by Castilian troops in a battle near Talavera .
  • 1108: The Almoravids conquer the small town of Uclés , east of Toledo. However, the city's citadel holds out and Alfonso VI. sends an army under Álvar Fáñez to free the trapped. The Almoravids defeat the Christian army and all leaders, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son, are killed. Then the Christians give up Cuenca and Huete .
  • 1109: The Almoravids conquer Talavera in the west of Toledo after a month-long siege.
  • 1110: Al-Mustain of Saragossa leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed in Valtierra .
  • 1111: The Almoravids under Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém and also take power in Saragossa. Henry of Burgundy , Count of Portugal, recaptured Santarém.
  • 1112: Aragon conquers Huesca . In return, the Almoravids devastate the land and reach the Pyrenees .
  • 1114: A large army of the Almoravids under Muhammad ibn al-Hajj of Saragossa and Muhammad ibn Aisha of Valencia invades Catalonia. The Moors are ambushed and routed at the Battle of Martorell . The Catalans under Count Raimund Berengar III. conquer the Balearic Islands after the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Mallorca.
  • 1115: The governor of Saragossa, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit , besieged Barcelona for 20 days. The Moors withdraw after Count Raimund Berengar III. returning from Mallorca. The Almoravid fleet then recaptured the Balearic Islands. The governor of Granada, Mazdali ibn Tilankan, dies in battle.
  • 1117: The Amirids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf conquer Coimbra , but have to give up the city a few days later.
  • 1118: Alfonso I of Aragon conquers Saragossa from the Almoravids. From then on, the city remained in Christian hands. Settlers in the recaptured areas receive special rights.
  • 1120: Alfonso I of Aragón destroys an Almoravid army near Cutanda .
  • 1126: The Almoravids begin to deport Christians to Morocco. Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids near Lucena .
  • 1128: The Knights Templar established its first settlement in the castle of Soure on Mondego in Portugal on the basis of a donation by D. Theresia, which transferred to the Templars "all areas between Coimbra and Leiria that are still in the hands of the unbelievers".
  • 1131: Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin conquers the castle of Aceca south of Toledo. The Almoravid governor of Valencia defeats an army of Aragon and kills Gaston IV. De Bearne .
  • 1133: The Christian militia of Toledo reaches Seville and kills the city's governor, Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj.
  • 1134: Battle of Fraga : Alfonso I of Aragón besieges the small town of Fraga . A Moorish army under Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya defeats Alfons I, who is badly wounded and dies a short time later.
  • 1136 Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa'd ibn Mardanish recaptured Mequinenza on the Ebro for the Moors .
  • 1137 Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeated the Castilians near Alcazar de San Juan and destroyed the castle of Escalona north of the Tagus . Alfonso I of Portugal fails when attempting to retake Lisbon from the Moors.
  • 1139: Alfonso I of Portugal defeats the Moors in the Battle of Ourique (southwest of Beja ). He then assumed the title of king and thus established the independence of Portugal from Castile-León.
  • 1140: Alfonso I of Portugal fails again when attempting to recapture Lisbon from the Moors.
  • 1140: The Portuguese can recapture Leiria.
  • 1147: Alfonso I conquered Lisbon and Santarém from the Moors with the help of the crusader army of the 2nd Crusade (see Siege of Lisbon ). A Christian alliance is attacking Almería by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez IV of Navarre conquer Andújar and Baeza . The Genoese join them in Almería. Almería falls on October 17th and is handed over to the Genoese.
  • 1153: Ramon Berenguer IV. Conquers the Waliat (= viceroyalty) Siurana in today's Catalonia , the last Taifa empire in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.
  • 1158: King Alfonso I conquers Alcácer do Sal .
  • 1159: The Portuguese conquer Évora and Beja .
  • 1161: Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are recaptured by the Moors.
  • 1162: Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Beja.
  • 1165: The Portuguese under Alfonso I of Portugal conquer Évora.
  • 1166: The Portuguese conquer Serpa and Moura .
  • 1169: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
  • 1184: The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
  • 1185–1211: Sancho I founded several new cities and began to bring Flemings and Burgundians into the country.
  • 1195 Battle of Alarcos . The Almohads under Yaʿqūb al-Mansūr and Meriniden defeat an army of Castile under Alfonso VIII.

Advance of the Christians 1212 to 1339

Final phase 1340 to 1492

Follow the Reconquista 1492 to 1616

  • 1492–1507: The Moors remaining in Spain form an alliance with the cities of Abarán , Ulea , Eyes and Ricote . However, you must make a commitment to convert to Christianity.
  • 1496: All Muslims are expelled from Portugal .
  • 1502: After several Muslim revolts , all Moors, along with the Jews who are accused of collaboration, are expelled from Spain.
  • 1568: 2nd uprising in the Alpujarras . After King Philip II introduced laws intended to suppress the Moorish culture, the remaining Moorish population, who only nominally converted to Christianity ( Moriscos ), revolted under the leadership of Abén Humeya in Granada. The uprising was not finally put down until 1571.
  • 1578: Battle of Alcácer-Quibir .
  • 1609: King Philip III. Issues an edict that expels the remaining Moriscos from Spain. They are accused of having asked the Ottomans for military intervention in Spain.
  • 1616: The last Moriscos are expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.

literature

  • Derek William Lomax: The Reconquista. The reconquest of Spain by Christianity . Heyne, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-453-48067-8 .
  • Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz: Orígenes de la nación española . 3 volumes, Oviedo 1972–1975 (basic presentation of the early phase of the Reconquista with special consideration of chronological questions)
  • Ludwig Vones: History of the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages 711-1480 . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1993, ISBN 3-7995-7113-2