Reconquista chronological table
Reconquista ( Spanish for "recapture") is the Spanish and Portuguese term for the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian descendants of the population of the Visigoths , after Muslim conquerors ( Arabs and Berbers ) who camefrom North Africain the early 8th century destroyed the Visigoths and the Iberians Had subdued the peninsula.
Beginnings 711 to 975
- 711: Muslim invaders ( Berbers and Arabs ) under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad land from Morocco in Andalusia near Gibraltar, named after Tariq ("Jebel al-Tariq"). They defeat the Visigoths under Roderich in the battle of the Río Guadalete , King Roderich falls in the battle.
- 711–719 The victory on the Rio Guadalete is followed by the Muslim conquest of the entire Iberian Peninsula, which is concluded in 719 with the completion of the subjugation of the Tarraconensis .
- 718: The Visigoth nobleman Pelayo allows himself to be elected king (or prince) by his followers in Asturias. Only then does the organized resistance against the Muslims in Asturias begin.
- 720–725: The Muslims also conquer Septimania , the part of the Visigoth Empire north of the Pyrenees.
- 721: An army of Aquitanians and Franks led by Eudos of Aquitaine defeats a Muslim army under the governor of Al-Andalus , as-Samh ibn Malik al-Chawlani , in the battle of Toulouse .
- 722: Pelayo defeats a force sent by the Muslim governor of Asturias, Munuza, in the battle of Covadonga . This event, which some researchers put in the year 718, is traditionally considered the beginning of the Reconquista . Whether it was a major battle or just a skirmish is debatable.
- 725: Muslim raids reach Autun in the Franconian Empire .
- 729: Berber rebels allied with Eudo of Aquitaine rise in Cerdanya . The revolt is put down, however.
- 732: A Muslim army under Abd ar-Rahman defeats an army of Eudos of Aquitaine near Bordeaux . The Moors then plunder Aquitaine.
- 732: Charles Martell defeats the Moors in the Battle of Tours and Poitiers , Abd ar-Rahman falls. The outcome of the battle is often seen as saving Europe from the invading Muslims.
- 737: The Arabs conquer Avignon .
- 739: Another Berber revolt in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula . Alfonso I of Asturias drives the Moors out of Galicia .
- 740: The Berbers rise again and revolt against the Arab Umayyad caliphate .
- 741: 10,000 Arab followers of Kulthum ibn Iyadh al-Kushayri arrive in Spain under their new leader Talaba ibn Salama. He and the Jordanians settled in Córdoba , other troops in Seville , Elvira , Jaén , Algeciras and Medina-Sidonia . As a result, a 48-year civil war breaks out between the newcomers and the Iberian Muslims.
- 759: King Pippin the Younger recaptures Narbonne from the Moors . This ends the Arab rule north of the Pyrenees.
- 778: The Franks under Charlemagne attack Saragossa , but have to withdraw. During the retreat, the Basques attacked his rearguard, led by Margrave Roland .
- 781–881: During this period there are regular uprisings against the Arab occupation in Saragossa .
- 791: King Bermudo I of Asturias is defeated by the Moors in the Battle of Burbia and abdicates. Alfonso II of Asturias is his successor .
- 792: Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba , calls for jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and in the Franconian Empire. Tens of thousands of volunteers from all over Syria respond to his call. Narbonne is destroyed, but the invasion can be stopped near Carcassonne .
- 794: The Asturians defeat the Moors at the Battle of Lutos .
- 795: Moorish troops capture Astorga .
- 795: Alfonso II of Asturias reaches Lisbon , but cannot conquer the city.
- 799: The Basques surrender and kill the Moorish governor of Pamplona .
- 800–810: Various rebellions break out in Lisbon , Mérida and Toledo . The uprisings are bloodily suppressed.
- 801: Louis the Pious , a son of Charlemagne , conquers Barcelona again from the Moors. The Spanish mark is then set up.
- 805: Revolts against the Moors break out again in Córdoba and Mérida.
- 806: The Franks conquer Pamplona. After a revolt in Toledo, 700 men, women and children are executed by the Moors.
- 808: The Franks fail in their attempt to conquer Tortosa .
- 811: Another eight-year uprising against the Muslims in Toledo. Charlemagne now controls all of Catalonia .
- 813: Santiago de Compostela becomes a pilgrimage site.
- 818: After an uprising in Cordoba, there is a massacre and looting for three days. 300 nobles are crucified and 20,000 people are expelled.
- 825: Failed Muslim attempt to conquer Coimbra and Viseu
- 828: Rebellion against the Arabs in Mérida.
- 829: Another uprising in Mérida.
- 844: (allegedly :) Battle of Clavijo
- 850: Beginning of the repopulation of the Castile region .
- 850–859: Perfectus , a Christian priest, is beheaded in Córdoba. 48 Christian men and women are beheaded (" Martyrs of Cordoba ").
- 855: Ordoño I of Asturias conquers León from the Moors.
- 859: Ordoño I of Asturias defeats Musa ibn Musa near Albelda .
- 866: King Alfonso III. the Great of Asturias moves the capital to León and conquers Coimbra
- 868: Alfons III. conquers the old Roman port of Porto . He initiated the repopulation of Porto, Coimbra, Viseu and Lamego . Another revolt against the Moors in Mérida.
- 871: Coimbra is conquered again by the Moors.
- 913: Ordoño II of León conquers Évora ( Talavera ) from the Moors.
- 917: Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz : Ordoño II of León defeats a Moorish army under the Emir Abd ar-Rahman III.
- 918: Battle of Talavera, Abd ar-Rahman III. defeated a Christian army.
- 920: Battle of Valdejunquera , Abd ar-Rahman III. defeated the army of the Kingdom of Leon.
- 920: Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, invade Gascony , lay siege to Toulouse and kill the Muez garrison .
- 923: Pamplona is destroyed by a Muslim army.
- 929: Abd ar-Rahman III. proclaims himself caliph of Cordoba and breaks with the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad .
- 933: Battle of Osma. The army of the County of Castile and the Kingdom of Leon under Fernán González defeated the Moors under Abd ar-Rahman III.
- 939: Battle of Simancas : King Ramiro II of León defeats Abd ar-Rahman III. In the same year the Christians win at Alhandega.
- 953: Moors invade Galicia
- 955: Ordoño III. of León attacks Lisbon .
- 974: A Moorish army under Ibn Tumlus crushes an uprising in Seville .
Muslim offensives 976 to 1002
- 976: Almansor sacked Barcelona .
- 977: Almansor defeats a Christian army.
- 981: Ramiro III. von León is defeated by Almansor at Rueda and has to pay tribute.
- 985: Almansor attacks Christian areas several times and loots Barcelona .
- 986: Almansor burns down the monastery of Saint Cugat del Vallès.
- 987: Almansor destroys Coimbra , conquers several castles north of the Douro and reaches Santiago de Compostela . The city is evacuated and the Moors burn it to the ground. Al-Mansur has the doors and bells of the sanctuary brought to Córdoba and the sanctuary's church destroyed.
- 988 Almansor sacks the city of León and burns the city down. He then sacked León, Zamora, and Sahagún and had the monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagún destroyed.
- 995: After strong resistance from the Beni Gómez family , the rulers of Saldana , Liebana , Carrión and Zamora , Al-Mansur succeeds in destroying the city of Santa Maria de Carrión .
- 997: Almansor conquers further Christian territories.
- 1002: Almansor dies after a victorious campaign in Medinaceli . Christian chroniclers posthumously accuse him of a defeat in the alleged battle of Calatañazor .
Choppy battles 1003 to 1211
- 1003: The Moors devastate León.
- 1009: The Muslims ravage León again.
- 1031: The Caliphate of Cordoba falls.
- 1034: An army under Ismail ibn Abbad from Seville is defeated by forces from León. Gonçalo Trastemires conquers Montemor Castle .
- 1035: Ferdinand I conquers Coimbra and forces the Muslims of Toledo, Seville and Badajoz to pay tribute.
- 1036: Bermudo III. defeated the Moors at César , in the Aveiro region
- 1037: Santiago de Compostela is retaken.
- 1057: Ferdinand I conquered Lamego and
- 1058: Viseu of the Moors.
- 1062: Ferdinand I attacks Toledo with a large army. Emir Al-Mamun becomes tribute to the Kingdom of Castile. Ferdinand then attacks Badajoz and also makes Emir Abbad II. Al-Mu'tadid of Seville liable for tribute.
- 1063: Battle of Graus . King Ramiro I of Aragon loses the battle against the Hudids of Saragossa and is killed. In response to this, Barbastro is besieged and captured by a united Christian army, which for the first time also includes many French and Norman knights.
- 1064: Ferdinand I besieged Coimbra and conquered the city. All Muslims are expelled across the Mondego River .
- 1067: Sancho II and El Cid besiege Saragossa . The siege is lifted after Emir Al-Muqtadir pays a ransom and agrees to pay tribute.
- 1073: The fortress of Belillos is built, from where the Christian garrison can attack the Granada area .
- 1076: Ferdinand I conquered Coria in the emirate of Badajoz .
- 1079: Battle of Cabra . El Cid defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada.
- 1079: Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI defeats the Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil and occupies large parts of the principality of the Dhun Nunids of Toledo.
- 1082: Battle of Almenar. Troops from Aragon and Catalonia lay siege to the city of Almenar and are defeated by Al-Mu'tamin of Saragossa. The Count of Barcelona , Berengar Raymond II , is captured.
- 1085: The Castilians conquer Salamanca and the city of Toledo .
- 1086: Several emirs ask the Berber Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI. He suffers a devastating defeat against the united army of Moors and Berbers in the battle of Zallaqa in Extremadura.
- 1087: Alfonso VI. conquers the fortress of Aledo in Murcia . This controls the route between Seville and Granada. The great mosque of Toledo is being converted into a church.
- 1088: Yusuf ibn Tashfin besieges Aledo for four months without success.
- 1090: Christian troops conquer Santarém , Lisbon and Sintra .
- 1092: Moorish attempts to recapture Toledo fail.
- 1094: An Almoravid army under Sir ibn Abi Bakr recaptures Badajoz and Lisbon. El Cid conquered Valencia from the Moors. The Almoravids land near Cuarte with an army from Morocco and besiege Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid breaks the siege ring and drives the Berbers to flight.
- 1095: The Almoravids conquer Santarém.
- 1097: El Cid defeats the Almoravids under Ali ibn al-Haj in the Battle of Bairén . The Almoravids defeat Alfonso VI. in the battle of Consuegra, in which the son of Cid is killed.
- 1099: The Almoravids under Ali ibn al-Hajj continue to besiege Valencia. El Cid died in Valencia on July 10, 1099.
- 1100: Molina falls into Christian hands.
- 1102: The Almoravids conquer Valencia and advance to Saragossa. The Hudids are the last small Moorish kingdom to resist the Almoravid expansion.
- 1103: The Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (brother of Ali), is killed by Castilian troops in a battle near Talavera .
- 1108: The Almoravids conquer the small town of Uclés , east of Toledo. However, the city's citadel holds out and Alfonso VI. sends an army under Álvar Fáñez to free the trapped. The Almoravids defeat the Christian army and all leaders, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son, are killed. Then the Christians give up Cuenca and Huete .
- 1109: The Almoravids conquer Talavera in the west of Toledo after a month-long siege.
- 1110: Al-Mustain of Saragossa leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed in Valtierra .
- 1111: The Almoravids under Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém and also take power in Saragossa. Henry of Burgundy , Count of Portugal, recaptured Santarém.
- 1112: Aragon conquers Huesca . In return, the Almoravids devastate the land and reach the Pyrenees .
- 1114: A large army of the Almoravids under Muhammad ibn al-Hajj of Saragossa and Muhammad ibn Aisha of Valencia invades Catalonia. The Moors are ambushed and routed at the Battle of Martorell . The Catalans under Count Raimund Berengar III. conquer the Balearic Islands after the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Mallorca.
- 1115: The governor of Saragossa, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit , besieged Barcelona for 20 days. The Moors withdraw after Count Raimund Berengar III. returning from Mallorca. The Almoravid fleet then recaptured the Balearic Islands. The governor of Granada, Mazdali ibn Tilankan, dies in battle.
- 1117: The Amirids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf conquer Coimbra , but have to give up the city a few days later.
- 1118: Alfonso I of Aragon conquers Saragossa from the Almoravids. From then on, the city remained in Christian hands. Settlers in the recaptured areas receive special rights.
- 1120: Alfonso I of Aragón destroys an Almoravid army near Cutanda .
- 1126: The Almoravids begin to deport Christians to Morocco. Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids near Lucena .
- 1128: The Knights Templar established its first settlement in the castle of Soure on Mondego in Portugal on the basis of a donation by D. Theresia, which transferred to the Templars "all areas between Coimbra and Leiria that are still in the hands of the unbelievers".
- 1131: Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin conquers the castle of Aceca south of Toledo. The Almoravid governor of Valencia defeats an army of Aragon and kills Gaston IV. De Bearne .
- 1133: The Christian militia of Toledo reaches Seville and kills the city's governor, Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj.
- 1134: Battle of Fraga : Alfonso I of Aragón besieges the small town of Fraga . A Moorish army under Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya defeats Alfons I, who is badly wounded and dies a short time later.
- 1136 Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa'd ibn Mardanish recaptured Mequinenza on the Ebro for the Moors .
- 1137 Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeated the Castilians near Alcazar de San Juan and destroyed the castle of Escalona north of the Tagus . Alfonso I of Portugal fails when attempting to retake Lisbon from the Moors.
- 1139: Alfonso I of Portugal defeats the Moors in the Battle of Ourique (southwest of Beja ). He then assumed the title of king and thus established the independence of Portugal from Castile-León.
- 1140: Alfonso I of Portugal fails again when attempting to recapture Lisbon from the Moors.
- 1140: The Portuguese can recapture Leiria.
- 1147: Alfonso I conquered Lisbon and Santarém from the Moors with the help of the crusader army of the 2nd Crusade (see Siege of Lisbon ). A Christian alliance is attacking Almería by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez IV of Navarre conquer Andújar and Baeza . The Genoese join them in Almería. Almería falls on October 17th and is handed over to the Genoese.
- 1153: Ramon Berenguer IV. Conquers the Waliat (= viceroyalty) Siurana in today's Catalonia , the last Taifa empire in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.
- 1158: King Alfonso I conquers Alcácer do Sal .
- 1159: The Portuguese conquer Évora and Beja .
- 1161: Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are recaptured by the Moors.
- 1162: Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Beja.
- 1165: The Portuguese under Alfonso I of Portugal conquer Évora.
- 1166: The Portuguese conquer Serpa and Moura .
- 1169: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
- 1184: The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
- 1185–1211: Sancho I founded several new cities and began to bring Flemings and Burgundians into the country.
- 1195 Battle of Alarcos . The Almohads under Yaʿqūb al-Mansūr and Meriniden defeat an army of Castile under Alfonso VIII.
Advance of the Christians 1212 to 1339
- 1212: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa .
- 1212: The Portuguese conquer Alcácer do Sal again .
- 1217-1252: Ferdinand III. conquered Cordoba , Murcia , Jaén and Seville .
- 1223: Alfonso II conquered Setúbal and Alcácer do Sal from the Moors .
- 1226: Defeat of the Portuguese against the Moors in the Battle of Elves.
- 1227: Dénia finally falls into Christian hands.
- 1228: Badajoz finally falls into Christian hands. James I conquered Mallorca , Jerica and Murviedro-Sagunto .
- 1229: Alfonso I of Aragón defeats the Murabitun under the governor of Seville.
- 1229: Alfonso IX. advances along the Guadiana River and conquers Mérida and Badajoz.
- 1232: Ibiza and Jaén finally fall into Christian hands. - Muhammad I. ibn Nasr proclaims himself sultan in Arjona . The emirate of Granada , where he resided from 1237, remains the only Moorish area, but only exists as a vassal kingdom of Castile .
- 1236: The Portuguese conquer most of the Algarve . Ferdinand III. conquers Córdoba .
- 1238: James I conquered Valencia , Albarracín , Alpuente and Tortosa from the Moors.
- 1239: Victory of the Portuguese over the Moors in the Battle of Aimonte. The Eastern Algarve and the Alentejo finally fall to the Portuguese
- 1243: Murcia falls to the Christians.
- 1244: Arjona and Baeza fall to the Christians.
- 1245: Xixona (Jijona) is conquered by Jaime I.
- 1246: Carmona falls to the Christians.
- 1247: Moorish revolt in Valencia.
- 1248: A Christian army under Ferdinand III. conquers Seville after 16 months of siege .
- 1249: The Moors repel a major offensive but lose Orihuela .
- 1250–1251: Mértola , Santa Maria del Algarbe , Silves , Tavira , Tejada , Constantina , Huelva and Jerez become Christian.
- 1258: James I put down the uprising in Valencia
- 1262: Niebla finally falls into Christian hands.
- 1264: Muslim revolt in Andalusia .
- 1266: Lorca , Murcia, Purchena and Segura finally become Christian.
- 1272: Faro is taken over by the Portuguese under Alfons III. conquered. Completion of the Portuguese Reconquista .
- 1275: Muslims win in Ecija .
- 1276: Another Muslim revolt in Valencia.
- 1287: Menorca falls into Christian hands.
- 1292: Castile conquers Tarifa .
- 1309: Ferdinand IV conquers Gibraltar .
- 1312–1350: War between Alfonso XI. and the Emirate of Granada .
- 1319: A Christian invasion army is defeated in front of Granada.
- 1325: Alfonso XI. attacks Granada again and defeats Muhammad IV.
- 1330: Battle of Teba between Alfonso XI. and Muhammad IV.
- 1333: Merinids conquer Gibraltar from Castile (after two unsuccessful Castilian sieges (1349, 1350) the Emirate of Granada conquers the city in 1374)
Final phase 1340 to 1492
- 1340: Battle of Gibraltar. Moorish defeats Christian fleet.
- 1340: Alfonso XI. wins the battle of the Salado .
- 1341: The Portuguese invade the Canary Islands .
- 1344: Alfonso XI. takes Algeciras after two years of siege .
- 1394: Battle of Egea.
- 1410: Ferdinand I attacks Granada , but can only conquer Antequera from the Muslims.
- 1415: The Portuguese conquer Ceuta in North Africa .
- 1431: Battle of La Higueruela .
- 1462: Castile re- conquers Gibraltar .
- 1481: The Emir Abu l-Hasan Ali of Granada attacks the Castilian Zahara .
- 1482: An army from Castile and Aragon (2500 horsemen and 3000 infantry under Rodrigo Ponce de Leon) gathers in Marchena and conquers the Moorish Alhama de Granada . Abu l-Hasan Ali recaptures Alhama.
- 1483: Battle of Axarquia. Emir Muhammad XII. Is captured.
- 1484: A Castilian-Aragonese army invades the Granada Valley.
- 1485: The Christians conquer Coín , Cártama , Cambil , Albahar and Zalea .
- 1487: Málaga becomes Christian.
- 1485: Spain conquers Baza and Almería .
- 1491: The Moors in Granada surrender . Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII. , Emir of Granada , signs the Treaty of Granada , which regulates the surrender of the last Muslim-controlled city on the Iberian Peninsula to the Christians.
- January 2, 1492: The Catholic Kings Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II take over Granada .
Follow the Reconquista 1492 to 1616
- 1492–1507: The Moors remaining in Spain form an alliance with the cities of Abarán , Ulea , Eyes and Ricote . However, you must make a commitment to convert to Christianity.
- 1496: All Muslims are expelled from Portugal .
- 1502: After several Muslim revolts , all Moors, along with the Jews who are accused of collaboration, are expelled from Spain.
- 1568: 2nd uprising in the Alpujarras . After King Philip II introduced laws intended to suppress the Moorish culture, the remaining Moorish population, who only nominally converted to Christianity ( Moriscos ), revolted under the leadership of Abén Humeya in Granada. The uprising was not finally put down until 1571.
- 1578: Battle of Alcácer-Quibir .
- 1609: King Philip III. Issues an edict that expels the remaining Moriscos from Spain. They are accused of having asked the Ottomans for military intervention in Spain.
- 1616: The last Moriscos are expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.
literature
- Derek William Lomax: The Reconquista. The reconquest of Spain by Christianity . Heyne, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-453-48067-8 .
- Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz: Orígenes de la nación española . 3 volumes, Oviedo 1972–1975 (basic presentation of the early phase of the Reconquista with special consideration of chronological questions)
- Ludwig Vones: History of the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages 711-1480 . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1993, ISBN 3-7995-7113-2