Alfonso I (Aragon)

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Alfons I in the Retiro Park in Madrid

Alfonso I the Warrior ( Spanish Alfonso el Batallador , Aragonese Alifonso lo Batallero ; * 1073 ; † September 7, 1134 in San Juan de la Peña ) was King of Aragón and Navarra from the House of Jiménez from 1104 to 1134 . He was one of the most important rulers of the Spanish Middle Ages and protagonist of the Reconquista , who, due to the conquest of Saragossa in 1118, played a key role in establishing Aragón as the second Christian power after León - Castile .

Alfonso was the third son of King Sancho Ramírez of Aragón-Navarre and the second from his second marriage to Felicia of Roucy , who came from the nobility of northern France. His older full brother Ferdinand had died early, so he in line to the throne, second only to his older half-brother I. Peter aufrückte.

Life

Marriage to Urraca

Over the years before his assumption of the throne in September 1104, except for his rule in Biel , nothing of Alfons has come down to us, although he was already over thirty years old at that time. He succeeded his half-brother Peter I , who with the conquests of Huesca (1096) and Barbastro (1100) was already able to record great successes in the expansion of Aragon against the Muslim Al-Andalus . The main rival was the mighty Taifa kingdom of Banu Hud of Saragossa , whose conquest of Peter I had failed shortly before his death. Alfons continued the policy of his half-brother seamlessly, but came like this in opposition to the "Emperor over the nations of Spain" Alfonso VI. of León-Castile . Because Saragossa was a tributary vassal of León-Castile and had consequently been under his protection, which Alfons had for the time being in his place. A dynastic crisis in the Leonese royal family unexpectedly put him in the position to take over the largest Christian kingdom and dominant power on the Iberian peninsula . In 1107 the eldest son-in-law of Alfonso VI, Raymond of Burgundy , died, and the following year the only king's son, Sancho Alfónsez, fell in the battle against the Moors . The eldest daughter of the king and widow Raimund, Urraca , rose to become her father's chief heir, who immediately remarried and saw in the pugnacious King of Aragón the right man for his daughter and protector of his grandson Alfonso Raimúndez . The engagement between Alfonso and Urraca was agreed in August 1108.

Queen Urraca of León-Castile depicted in a miniature from the 12th century. Archivo de la Catedral de Santiago, Tumbo A.

However, from the beginning this marriage provoked widespread opposition from the Leonese-Castilian nobility and clergy. First and foremost, the nobility recognized Alfons as an alien outsider to whom they refused to submit. He was also perceived as a threat to the inheritance rights of the young Alfonso Raimúndez, around whom the Galician nobility consequently rallied. The same power-political reservations were represented by the clergy led by the Archbishop of Toledo , whereby the Archbishop was able to cite canon law as an objection to marriage because the couple were too closely related; King Sancho III. of Navarre was their common great-grandfather. Significantly, the clergy had once raised no objections to Urraca's first marriage to Raymond of Burgundy, although he too was too closely related to her. Alfonso VI died on May 1st, 1109. and although Urraca as queen, supported by her vassals, could have ignored the last will of her father, she nevertheless confessed to marrying Alfonso de Aragón, either out of respect for her father or out of fear of a conflict with her fiancé. The queen's confidante, Count Pedro Ansúrez , who had been on good terms with Alfons as regent in Urgell since 1104, probably also had a decisive influence on this decision . In October 1109 the wedding was celebrated in Monzón de Campos . From then on, Alfons demonstrated his newly won claim to rule over León-Castile by appropriating the Hispanic imperator title (totius Hispaniae imperator) , which was traditionally associated with the Leonese kingdom and implied a claim to supremacy over all of Spain in the ideal continuation of the Visigoth Empire of Toledo . Immediately afterwards, the couple moved to Aragón, which was attacked by Ahmad II al-Musta'in . On January 24, 1110, Alfonso achieved a complete victory in the Battle of Valtierra and killed the King of Saragossa. But instead of seizing the opportunity and seizing Zaragoza, Alfonso and Urraca then moved to Galicia to suppress the uprising of the opposition.

In the summer of 1110 Alfons returned to Aragón alone to force the war over Saragossa. The occupation of the city by the Almoravids in May of this year forced him to act quickly. In fact, the end of his marriage to Urraca was connected with it, which resulted from political and personal circumstances. On the one hand, Pope Paschal II received the request to annul the marriage under threat of excommunication , which was demanded by the Leonese-Castilian clergy. On the other hand, there was a personal break between the spouses themselves, in which both played a part. While Urraca had hardly any secret extramarital relationships, Alfons could hardly hide his violent nature. He is even alleged to have used physical violence against his wife, at least that was one of the charges she voiced. In general, Alfonso's relationship to women was already the subject of observation in medieval historiography. The Muslim chronicler Ibn al-Athīr († 1233; al-Kāmil fī ʾt-tarīch ), who was the only one who made a personal characterization of the King of Aragon, described him as an energetic warrior who did not take off his armor even when he was sleeping Men considered more appropriate than those with women. The author also noted that, contrary to the social conventions accepted at the time, Alfons had no known cohabiting or illegitimate children. More recent considerations have therefore come to the conclusion that Alfons was homosexual , which is also supported by his apparent ignorance regarding dynastic politics. He was already 36 years old when he got his first and only marriage with Urraca. And despite the lack of an heir to the throne, after the rapid failure of his marriage, he did not consider any more and thus exposed his kingdom to an uncertain future. His only brother Ramiro had embarked on a clerical career and was therefore apparently not available as a potential successor.

War with Urraca

Regardless of the papal judgment and his wife's will to divorce, Alfons was unwilling to accept a separation and the associated loss of power and tried to maintain his marriage by force of arms. He found an unexpected ally in Count Heinrich of Portugal , Urraca's brother-in-law, who hoped for a profit from the marital war. In April 1111 Alfonso was able to move into the old Visigothic capital of Toledo , whereupon his wife had her son Alfonso Raimúndez ordained king in Santiago de Compostela on September 19, 1111 to counter Alfonso claim to sole rule. On October 26, 1111, the battle of Candespina saw the first military clash, from which Alfons emerged victorious, killing the general and lover of his wife, Count Gómez González . Subsequently, the Galicians offered an army against him under Archbishop Diego Gelmírez , which he also defeated in a second meeting at Viadangos. He was able to capture his wife's second lover, Count Pedro González de Lara , who was then able to manage his escape. By December 1111, Alfonso occupied almost all important places in Castile and León and pushed his wife to Galicia until his triumphal march came to an abrupt end in the spring of 1112. After his wife's surprise move, he was trapped in Astorga by her and the Count of Portugal, who had meanwhile switched sides . A decisive battle did not come about solely because of Urraca's power-political considerations, which instead used Alfons' predicament to urge him to resume a married life. She now needed her husband as a counterweight to her brother-in-law, Count Heinrich of Portugal, who, however, died that same year of the wounds he had received before Astorga. And after the abbot Pontius of Cluny appeared as a papal legate, who once again announced the annulment of the marriage by the Pope, the Leonese-Castilian marriage was finally over. Defeated, Alfons had to retreat to Aragón, until April 1113 his garrisons had been driven out of all important cities in Castile such as Toledo and Sahagún. He lost Burgos after a military coup d'état by Urraca, which the Muslim historian Ibn al-Kardabus commented with great satisfaction, as the greatest defeat from his former wife had been inflicted on the greatest Moorish fighter of that time.

Despite the failure of his marriage to Urraca, Alfons stuck to the resulting claims to power over León-Castile, although he no longer tried to enforce them militarily. So he held on to the title of imperator and used the internal political quarrels of his former wife to his own advantage, in order to gain positions, especially in the Old Castilian region. For example, he was able to regain control of Burgos in 1114 when the population there elected his brother Ramiro as bishop, in opposition to a candidate appointed by Urraca. He also managed to keep some localities in Eastern Castile and the Rioja . However, by 1116 he lost control of Burgos as well as the Abbey of San Benoit of Sahagún back to Urraca, which enjoyed the support of Pope Paschal II . Alfons could hardly do anything about it, since he had to direct his forces entirely against the Moors of Saragossa, who had increased their military pressure against Aragón for some time. In this situation he entered into a diplomatic settlement with Urraca in the form of a peace treaty towards the end of 1116, accepting the dissolution of his marriage and renouncing all rulers' rights south of the Duero, including Toledo. In return, Urraca willingly renounced the further suzerainty over Saragossa and thus released it for conquest. Alfonso maintained his claim to Burgos and the Rioja alone, as well as to the imperial dignity, although up to 1127 he only used this in four documents.

Conquest of Zaragoza

Statue of Alfonso el Batallador in Parque Grande José Antonio Labordeta in Saragossa, erected in 1925.

After his victory at Valtierra in 1110 and the death of the last Muslim typhoon king of Saragossa, Alfons had renounced a direct move against this city, from which the Almoravids in particular had benefited; they occupied the city that same year. The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty originally from Mauritania who were able to extend their rule over Morocco with Marrakech as the capital in the middle of the 11th century . After King Alfonso VI. of León-Castile had conquered Toledo for Christianity in 1085, the Almoravids had been called to help by the typhoon kings of Al-Andalus , whereupon they were crossed from Africa to Spain and there, one after the other, subjugated the Taifas to their kingdom. Zaragoza was the last taifa to oppose them until 1110 when it was the last to fall into their hands thanks to the Battle of Valtierra. The main thrust of the Almoravids was Toledo, but also against Aragón their pressure increased recently, which is why Alfons was forced to make peace with his ex-wife in 1116. In the same year, the governor of Saragossa, Ibn Tifilwit, first attacked the Rueda monastery and then besieged Borja , where the heir of the Banu Hud , Imad al-Dawla , ruled as an Aragonese vassal. In the summer of the following year, however, Alfons led a first offensive to Saragossa and besieged the city. Although he had to break off the siege after the arrival of a relief army of the Almoravids, he emerged victorious from the following field battle in which Ibn Tifilwit was killed.

In the spring of 1118 Alfonso was able to raise a large army which, in addition to his Aragonese army, also included that of the Trans-Pyrenean princes from France whom he recruited at a council in Toulouse . The latter included the Vice Count Gaston IV of Béarn and his brother, Count Centulle II of Bigorre , and Count Rotrou III. von Perche , Vice Count Bernard Aton of Carcassonne and the Vice Counts of Gabarret and Lavedan. Pope Gelasius II subsequently provided the campaign with all the absolutions of a crusade . In May 1118 Alfons again took up the siege of Saragossa. Influenced by the experiences of the Vice Count of Béarn during the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 on the first crusade , this time Alfons had siege engines constructed in order to be able to overcome the strong walls of the city. Nevertheless, the siege turned out to be so protracted that the Almoravids were again able to call in a relief army from Córdoba . In October or November Alfonso defeated this army in front of the city walls, whereupon the city surrendered on December 18, 1118. The conquest of Zaragoza marks a significant milestone in the history of the Spanish Reconquista , as the northernmost cornerstone of Muslim Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula was taken. For the small Pyrenean kingdom of Aragón, it entailed considerable territorial expansion, which enabled it to secure the Ebro Valley and establish itself as the second Christian power on the Iberian Peninsula. Alfons immediately made Saragossa the new capital of his kingdom (regnum Caesaraugustanum) and guaranteed religious freedom for the remaining Muslim population. At the same time, however, he had them relocated to the suburbs in order to repopulate the fortified city center with Christian settlers. He rounded off the conquest by taking Borja , Tarazona , Soria , Ágreda and finally Tudela on February 19, 1119.

Alfons' triumphant advance forced the Almoravid king Ali ibn Yusuf to translate to Spain for the second time after 1106 in order to stabilize the situation there. He appointed his brother Tamim as the new governor general and entrusted him with the fight against Alfonso. But on June 17, 1120 this won, supported by Duke Wilhelm IX. of Aquitaine , a complete victory over the Almoravid army in the great Battle of Cutanda, in which 15,000 Moors are said to have been killed or captured. As a result, Alfons also fell into the hands of Calatayud , Daroca and Monreal del Campo . Alfons continued the battle of the Moors incessantly in the following years and secured the conquered areas by building new castles along the Jalón to the south. He also intended this on the eastern border of Aragon, where the cities of Lleida and Fraga were still in Muslim hands. In 1123 he built Gardeny Castle opposite the former to direct the siege from there. But the capture of Lleida ultimately failed, not least because of the intervention of Count Raimund Berengar III. of Barcelona , who also claimed this city. In July 1124 Alfons returned to the Rioja and besieged Haro , a castle of Diego López, lord of Vizcaya , who had once held to Urraca. He then secured his rule in Burgos and Nájera .

In September 1125, Alfonso began an army campaign far into Moorish Andalusia . Passing Valencia and Murcia , he was the first Christian general since the Moorish invasion of 711 to reach Granada . Whole Mozarabic peoples who had been able to assert themselves against Muslim rule in the mountains of the Alpujarras for three centuries joined him . He could not besiege the city itself, however, because the Almoravid governor Tamim had put it on standby in good time. Alfons therefore moved on to Cordoba , followed by Tamim and his army at a safe distance. On March 10, 1126, the Almoravids made a surprise attack on the Aragonese army encamped in the field of Arnisol near Lucena , which Alfonso withstood and won the battle in the end. Then he started the march home to Aragón.

Late years

During Alfons' absence on the campaign to Andalusia, Queen Urraca had died and her young son Alfonso VII (Alfonso Raimúndez) had assumed sole rule over León-Castile. Alfons was in a hostile relationship with his stepson, as he had appeared to him during his marriage to Urraca as a threat to his inheritance rights. And immediately after taking over the throne, Alfonso VII sought to recapture the areas occupied by Aragon in Old Castile and the Rioja. He received the support of the local population, who had grown tired of the Aragonese occupation. In the autumn of 1126 the citizens of Burgos rose up , drove the Aragonese from the city castle and handed them over to Alfonso VII. In July 1127, Alfonso marched again to Rioja to fortify Nájera and Castrojeriz . Alfonso VII immediately met him with his entire army and placed him in the valley of Támara near Hornillos de Cameros . The battle did not take place, however, as the Castilian vassals of Alfonso VII, in particular, were unwilling to fight. Their spokesman was Pedro González de Lara of all people, his mother's lover, who was also hated by Alfonso VII. Instead, the kings of León and Aragón settled their differences in a peace treaty that has not been passed down in detail. Probably, however, it included the renunciation of the King of Aragón to Burgos and the title of imperial while at the same time recognizing the gain of Zaragoza. In fact, Alfons has not allowed himself to be dubbed imperator since then; this dignity was now claimed only by Alfonso VII. Last but not least, Alfonso was forced to make peace because the Count of Barcelona also conquered the Aragonese Monzón .

Alfonso el Batallador. Historicizing portrait painting by Francisco Pradilla, 1879.

From then on, a dynastic alliance between León and Barcelona threatened Aragón from two fronts, which is why Alfonso invaded Castile again in the spring of 1129 despite the Peace of Támara and besieged Medina-Sidonia and Morón . However, when Alfonso VII advanced against him, he avoided a battle and withdrew to Almazán . He then returned to Aragón without a fight, without ever undertaking a campaign to Castile again. Since then, Alfons has been at war with all his neighbors, in the west with León, in the east with Barcelona, ​​in the south with the Almoravids and in the north with Toulouse. In May 1129 he moved against the Almoravids and began the siege of Valencia . He defeated a numerically far superior relief army of the governor of Seville in the battle of Cullera, but he had to accept high losses himself and therefore break off the siege. Nevertheless, this victory weakened the Almoravids' offensive power for the near future, so that Alfons could turn to another opponent in 1130. He crossed the Pyrenees in the Gascony to there Bayonne to besiege. This attack was aimed at Count Alfons Jordan of Toulouse , who was a cousin and ally of Alfonso VII of León. Alfons besieged Bayonne for almost a year without being able to take the city. And while his forces were tied up at Bayonne, Alfonso VII of León used this in October 1131 to conquer Castrojeriz , Almazán and Soria , which in fact meant the loss of the Rioja for Aragón.

Death and succession

To make up for these defeats, Alfons took up the fight with Raimund Berengar III. from Barcelona and took back the castle of Monzón. The Almoravid governor of Valencia used the dispute between the Christian rulers to launch an offensive against Aragón, killing the old crusade veteran Gaston IV of Béarn. The new Moorish threat prompted Alfons to temporarily settle his dispute with León-Castile in order to tackle the plans for a counterattack. Again he pulled together a large army with reinforcements from the south of France, with which he conquered Mequinenza in the winter of 1133 . He then proceeded to the siege of the heavily fortified Fraga , which was an important outpost on the eastern border of Aragon. Once again the Almoravids used their forces in al-Andalus to relieve their fortress. Alfons could not counter this on July 17, 1134 in the great battle of Fraga this time; his army was overwhelmed and wiped out by the overwhelming odds, the bishops of Lescar, Roda-Barbastro and Jaca, as well as other high prelates and nobles were killed. Alfons himself managed to escape from the battlefield with a few knights, but apparently because of his serious wounds, the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, according to a broken heart, he died on September 7, 1134 at the age of 61 in the Abbey of San Juan de la Peña . He was buried in the Abbey of Jesus Nazareno in the monastic castle of Montearagón . In 1845 his body was transferred to the church of San Pedro el Viejo in Huesca .

In the field camp in front of Bayonne Alfons wrote his will in October 1131, the content of which he confirmed again shortly before his death on September 4, 1134 in Sariñena . In the absence of an heir to the throne, he bequeathed his kingdom to the Order of the Templars , Hospitallers and the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher . However, this arrangement proved unacceptable among his Aragonese and Navarres vassals, who independently regulated the succession in their own way. The Aragonese took Ramiro , who had been elected Bishop of Roda-Barbastro in August of the same year , from his monastery and proclaimed him king. The Navarrese made García Ramírez , a distant cousin of the Jiménez family, their king. The personal union between Aragón and Navarre, which had existed since 1076, was thus canceled and the historic union between Aragón and Catalonia was initiated. Because the monk-king Ramiro II ruled only until his daughter Petronella of Aragón was born from a quickly arranged marriage , who was immediately married to the Catalan Count Raimund Berengar IV of Barcelona , who then took over the reign in Aragón. The orders of knights as well as the Holy See in Rome subsequently approved the bypassing of Alfonso's last will.

literature

  • Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Historia de Aragon. Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón. Zaragoza, 1987.
  • Alberto Cañada Juste: La Batalla de Cutanda (1120). In: Xiloca. Vol. 20 (1997), pp. 37-47.
  • Ambrósio Huici y Miranda: Los Banu Hud de Zaragoza, Alfonso I el Batallador y los Almoravides de Espana (Nuevas aportacionas). In: Estudios de la edad media de la Corona de Aragon. Vol. 7 (1962), pp. 7-38.
  • Ramón Menéndez Pidal: Sobre unertrado de paz entre Alfonso el Batallador y Alfonso VII. In: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Vol. 111 (1943), pp. 115-131.
  • José María Lacarra de Miguel: Alfonso el Batallador y las paces de Tamara. Cuestiones cronológicas (1124-1127). In: Estudios dedicados a Aragón (1987), pp. 149-161.
  • José María Lacarra de Miguel: La Conquista de Zaragoza por Alfonso I (18 diciembre 1118). In: Al-Andalus. Vol. 12 (1947), pp. 65-96.
  • José María Lacarra de Miguel: La repoblación de Zaragoza por Alfonso el Batallador. Madrid, 1949.
  • José María Lacarra de Miguel: Los franceses en la reconquista y repoblación del valle del Ebro en tiempos de Alfonso el Batallador. In: Colonización, parias, repoblación y otros estudios. (1981), pp. 150-168.
  • José María Lacarra de Miguel: Vida de Alfonso el Batallador. Zaragoza, 1971.
  • José Angel Lema Pueyo: Colección diplomática de Alfonso I de Aragón y Pamplona, ​​1104–1134. San Sebastian, 1990.
  • José Angel Lema Pueyo: Instituciones políticas del reinado de Alfonso I el Batallador: rey de Aragon y Pamplona (1104-1134). Bilbao, 1997.
  • Elena Lourie: The Will of Alfonso I, "El Batallador," King of Aragon and Navarre: A Reassessment , in: Speculum 50 (1975), pp. 635-651.
  • AJ Forey: The Will of Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre. In: Durham University Journal 73.1 (1980), pp. 59-65
  • Bernard F. Reilly: The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca 1109-1126. Princeton University Press, 1982 ( online ).
  • Bernard F. Reilly: The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI 1065-1109. Princeton University Press, 1988 ( online ).
  • Bernard F. Reilly: The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126-1157. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

Remarks

  1. ^ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Colección diplomática de Pedro I de Aragón y Navarra. (1951), pp. 25-29.
  2. See Reilly (1982), §2, p. 58.
  3. Las crónicas anónimas de Sahagún, ed. by Julio Puyol y Alonso in: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Vol. 76 (1920), §17, p. 122.
  4. See Lema Pueyo (1997), pp. 40-44.
  5. Las crónicas anónimas de Sahagún, ed. by Julio Puyol y Alonso in: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Vol. 76 (1920), §18, pp. 242-244.
  6. Las crónicas anónimas de Sahagún, ed. by Julio Puyol y Alonso in: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Vol. 76 (1920), §20, p. 246.
  7. Historia Compostelana, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 20 (1765), p. 116.
  8. Extraits arabe. Ibn el-Athir , in: Recueil des historiens des croisades (1872), Historiens Orientaux I, p. 414.
  9. See Lacarra (1971), p. 32, Lourie (1975), p. 639, and Reilly (1982), §2, pp. 59-60.
  10. Annales toledanos I, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 23 (1767), p. 387. Annales Complutenses, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 23 (1767), p. 314.
  11. Historia Compostelana, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 20 (1765), pp. 114-121.
  12. Historia Compostelana, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 20 (1765), pp. 128-130.
  13. Charles Julian Bishko: The Spanish Journey of Abbot of Cluny Ponce. In: Ricerche di storia religiosa. Studi in onore di Giorgio La Piaña. Vol. 1 (1957), pp. 311-319.
  14. Historia Compostelana, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 20 (1765), pp. 157-169. Ibn al-Karadabus, Historia de al-Andalus, ed. by Felipe Maíllo Salgado in: Akal Bolsillo 169 (1986), pp. 140-141.
  15. Paschalis II, Gelasii II, Calixti II romanorum pontificum epistolæ et privilegia, ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in: Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 163, Col. 380.
  16. Las crónicas anónimas de Sahagún, ed. by Julio Puyol y Alonso in: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Vol. 76 (1920), §67, pp. 518-519 and Vol. 77 (1921), §70-71, pp. 53-59.
  17. See Reilly (1982), §5, p. 180.
  18. See Lema Peuyo (1990), pp. 341-343, 331-332, 328-329 and 318-320.
  19. To confirm the subsequent crusade absolution, see the Pope's letter of December 1118 to the Bishop of Saragossa. Paschalis II, Gelasii II, Calixti II romanorum pontificum epistolæ et privilegia, ed. by Jacques Paul Migne in, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 163, Col. 508.
  20. Ibn al-Karadabus, Historia de al-Andalus, ed. by Felipe Maíllo Salgado in: Akal Bolsillo 169 (1986), pp. 117-118. Chronicon sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, ed. by Paul Marchegay, Émile Mabille in: Chroniques des églises d'Anjou (1869), pp. 427-428. See Huici y Miranda (1962), pp. 7-38.
  21. Annales Complutenses, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 23 (1767), p. 320. Chronicon sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, ed. by Paul Marchegay, Émile Mabille in: Chroniques des églises d'Anjou (1869), p. 428. Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa , ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §19, p. 68.
  22. Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa , ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §19, pp. 76-77.
  23. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §7-8, pp. 56-57.
  24. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §9, p. 57.
  25. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §10-11, pp. 57-58.
  26. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §13-14, pp. 59-60.
  27. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §15-17, pp. 60-62.
  28. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §50, pp. 78-79.
  29. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §24, p. 66.
  30. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §51-57, pp. 79-82.
  31. Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, ed. by Glenn Edward Lipskey in: The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor. (1972), Book I, §58, p. 83. Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa , ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §19, p. 78. See Ubieto Arteta (1987), p. 79 and Reilly (1998), p. 43.
  32. See Lema Pueyo (1990), pp. 356-370 and 446-448.

Web links

Commons : Alfons I.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Peter I. King of Aragon
1104–1134
Ramiro II.
Peter I. King of Navarre
1104–1134
García IV.