Sancho I (Aragon)

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Ramiro I. ( Ranimirus rex , left) and his son Sancho Ramírez ( Sancius filius , right) in a depiction from the 13th century.

Sancho Ramírez (* around 1045/46; † 4. June 1094 before Huesca ) than Sancho I. 1063-1094 King of Aragon and as Sancho V. from 1076 to 1094 King of Navarre from the Jiménez dynasty . Under his rule, Aragón began to expand territorially in the course of the Reconquista .

Life

Barbastro Crusade

Sancho was the eldest legitimate son of King Ramiros I of Aragon and the Ermesinde of Foix. He had an older, illegitimate half-brother of the same name. His father included him in the affairs of government at an early age and in his first testament of July 29, 1059, he was appointed successor on the throne. When his father died and took over the government in 1063, Sancho was eighteen years old.

Apparently in response to the death of his father, who had been slain by Graus in the battle against the Moors , Sancho sent a request for help to the princes of France in search of military support . He was able to refer to the family relationships with Duke Wilhelm VIII of Aquitaine and the good contacts with the Cluny Abbey that had been established by his grandfather and father. Through the mediation of Abbot Hugo von Cluny , the campaign desired by Sancho received the support of Pope Alexander II , who granted the French warriors a generous indulgence , which is why the company is often characterized as a "pre-crusade" . An alliance with his uncle Ferdinand I of León-Castile or with his cousin Sancho II of Castile was out of the question for Sancho, as they were the patrons of the Moorish typhoon king of Saragossa , Aragon's main rival, and also at the death of Ramiros I. not innocent at Graus. In the summer of 1064 the French army crossed the Pyrenees . Its leaders included the Duke of Aquitaine, the Norman Wilhelm von Montreuil, and Count Theobald von Chalon , who was an uncle of the Abbot of Cluny. Count Ermengol III also joined them. from Urgell on, Sancho's father-in-law. The united Aragonese-French army was finally able to conquer the strategically important border fortress Barbastro , which controlled the mouth of the Vero in the Cinca . According to Muslim tradition, the Christians carried out a cruel massacre of the civilian population. Then the army disbanded and most of the French returned to their homeland. The king of Saragossa, al-Muqtadir , took advantage of this in a counter-offensive in 1065 and captured Barbastro in a coup, with Ermengol III. was killed by Urgell, whom Sancho had appointed as governor.

As a result, Sancho had to put the war against Saragossa on hold, as he was involved in the so-called "War of the Three Sanchos" between 1065 and 1067. His cousin Sancho II of Castile attacked the other cousin King Sancho IV of Navarre , who in turn helped Sancho Ramírez. At Viana he put the Castilian to battle, the outcome of which is described differently in the traditions depending on their partisanship. Subsequently, Sancho waged war against the Moorish king of Huesca , who allegedly had been encouraged to fight against him by Sancho II of Castile.

Church policy and the annexation of Navarre

In 1068, Sancho was the first Spanish king to make a pilgrimage to Rome to the tomb of the apostle Peter , thus initiating a religious and political rapprochement with the Holy See . This policy may have arisen from a need for a clearer demarcation from its ruling cousins in León , who represented an imperial claim to supremacy over all Spanish empires. Sancho is also likely to have sought a legitimizing basis for his urge to expand against the Muslim al-Andalus, as the reform papacy that was emerging at that time sacralized the military struggle against the “ pagans ”. As a result, he promoted the introduction of the Roman rite in place of the traditional Mozarabic rite in his kingdom. On March 22, 1071, the Abbey of San Juan de la Peña was the first monastery in Spain to introduce the Roman liturgy. The great reform pope Gregory VII congratulated Sancho for this in a letter dated March 20, 1074. On April 5, 1084, Sancho and his son Peter arranged for the solemn translation of the bones of the legendary Saint Indaletius and his successor as Bishop of Urci , Santiago, to San Juan de la Peña. In 1088, Sancho undertook to pay an annual tribute to Pope Urban II , whereupon he was promised in a letter of July 1, 1089 that Aragon would be placed under papal protection.

Meanwhile, Sancho continued his policy of conquest, which was directed primarily against Zaragoza. He again received support from France when Count Ebles II of Roucy appeared with a large army in 1073 . But instead of going with him against the Moors, he waged war against Sancho IV of Navarre, who had entered into an alliance with the King of Saragossa. In the summer of 1076, an unexpected opportunity opened up for Sancho to expand power when the king of Navarre was murdered by members of his own family. Sancho immediately seized the opportunity and occupied Pamplona and Estella . He was recognized as the new king by the Navarre greats, with which he initiated the 58-year-old Union of the Crowns of Aragón and Navarre. In a document dated March 1077, he first included the Navarres royal title in his title. However, Sancho could not annex the whole kingdom of Navarre because his cousin Alfonso VI. from León-Castile secured the landscapes of La Rioja , Álava , Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa , so that from now on the upper reaches of the Ebro marked the border between Aragón and Castile.

Reconquista

Now Sancho could take up the Aragonese " Reconquista " undisturbed and start the war against Zaragoza. Once again in 1078 he was able to rely on French support in the form of an army under Duke Hugo I of Burgundy . With the conquests of Bolea and finally Graus in 1083, he moved the border of Aragon to the Vero . After the conquest of Arguedas and Secastilla in 1084, the further advance into the Ebro Valley was only stopped by the defeat in the Battle of Morella , in which Sancho was defeated by El Cid , who was in the Moorish service . Thus the scales seemed to be increasingly in favor of León-Castile, whose King Alfonso VI. Conquered Toledo in 1085 and thereby secured a clear supremacy on the Iberian Peninsula . To put Sancho in his place, Alfonso VI went now. even the capture of Zaragoza. The invasion of the Almoravids on July 30, 1086 ultimately stopped him and his crushing defeat in the battle of al-Zallaqa resulted in a lasting change in the power constellation on the Iberian Peninsula.

The cry for help from Alfonso VI. following, in the spring of 1087, a large French army under Duke Odo I of Burgundy crossed the Pyrenees and besieged Tudela . Both Sancho and Alfonso VI. joined the siege army with their own troops. But although the city could not be taken in the end, both kings used their presence in the camp to reach a diplomatic compromise between themselves. Both Sancho and his son Peter paid homage to Alfonso VI. for their Navarres holdings around Pamplona and Estella as their overlord and at the same time made their waiver of those of Alfonso VI. annexed Navarre territories, which cleared the conflict areas that had existed since the division of Navarre in 1076. Furthermore, Sancho pledged to his cousin to provide assistance in the fight against the Almoravids. The settlement regarding Zaragoza that Alfonso VI did not contain any regulation. continued to be regarded as his protectorate and Sancho as a field of expansion. Even in 1086 Sancho took the nearby Barbastro Estada , built in 1088 near the major city of Huesca the Castle Montearagón and captured on June 24, 1089 Monzón . In the summer of 1090 he came to his commitment to Alfonso VI. after and helped this in the defense of Toledo against an attack by the Almoravids. He then captured the Castellar castle near Saragossa and conquered Almenar in 1093 , with which he gained strong positions against the main Moorish cities of the Taifa Saragossa, from which he could carry out their attacks.

Against the growing threat from Aragón, the Moorish ruler of Huesca called in the spring of 1094 for the help of his patron Alfonso VI. from León-Castile, who sent a Castilian army against Aragón. At Vitoria , Sancho defeated the Castilians and drove them out of his kingdom. He then began the siege of Huesca , which was to be conquered by him as the first large city of the Taifa Saragossa. One day when Sancho was taking a scouting ride along the city wall to find an access point, he was hit by an archer's arrow. According to the description of the Crónica de San Juan de la Peña , the shooter targeted a weak spot in Sancho's armor when he was lifting his right arm, revealing the side of his armor uncovered, where the arrow hit him. He let himself be carried back to his tent, where he swore his vassals to his eldest son as his successor, whereupon he died on June 4, 1094. Sancho was first buried in the monastic castle of Montearagón before his body was transferred to the Abbey of San Juan de la Peña.

Marriages and offspring

In his first marriage, Sancho was married from 1065 to Isabella (* 1052; † 1071), daughter of Count Ermengol III. from Urgell ( House Barcelona ). The marriage was divorced in 1070 due to close relatives, whereupon Isabella married Count Wilhelm Raimund von Cerdanya in 1071 . With her, Sancho had a son:

  • Peter I († 1104), 1094 King of Aragon and Navarre.

In his second marriage, Sancho married the northern French noblewoman Felicia von Roucy (* 1060, † 1123), who was a sister of the crusader Ebles II of Roucy ( House of Montdidier ). When the marriage was concluded is unclear; Felicia is mentioned for the first time in a document from 1076 as Sancho's wife. From this marriage three sons were born:

literature

  • Pierre Boissonade: Cluny, la paputé et la première grande croisade internationale contre les Sarrasins d'Espane - Barbastro (1064-1065). In: Revue des questions historiques. 117: 257-301 (1932).
  • Antonio Ubieto Arteta: La división de Navarra en 1076. In: Homenaje a Don José Esteban Uranga. (1971), pp. 17-28.
  • Alberto Ferreiro: The Siege of Barbastro, 1064-1065: A Reassessment. In: Journal of Medieval History. Vol. 9 (1983), pp. 129-144.
  • Domingo J. Buesa Conde: El Rey Sancho Ramírez. Zaragoza, 1978.
  • Domingo J. Buesa Conde: Sancho Ramírez, Rey de Aragoneses y Pamploneses (1064-1094). Zaragoza, 1996.
  • Angel Canellas López: La colección diplomática de Sancho Ramírez. Real Sociedad Económica Aragonesa de Amigos del País. Zaragoza, 1993.
  • Damian J. Smith: Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon: The Limits of Papal Authority. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004.
  • Alberto Montaner Frutos, Alfonso Boix Jovaní: Guerra en Šarq Al'andalus: Las batallas cidianas de Morella (1084) y Cuarte (1094). Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Zaragoza, 2005.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Roberto Viruete Erdozáin: La colección diplomática del Reinado de Ramiro I de Aragón. (2013), No. 134, pp. 503-508.
  2. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 47.
  3. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa , ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §29, p. 114.
  4. ↑ The Castilian Primera crónica (13th century) ascribes the victory at Viana to the King of Castile, the Aragonese Crónica de San Juan de la Peña (14th century) to the King of Aragón. Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, pp. 49-50.
  5. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, pp. 50-51.
  6. ↑ See Smith (2004), p. 48.
  7. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 51.
  8. ^ Gregorii VII romani pontificis epistolæ et diplomata pontificia, ed. by Jacques Paul Migne , in: Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 148, Col. 339-302.
  9. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 52.
  10. ^ Paul Ewald: The papal letters of the British collection. In: New archive of the Society for Older German History. Vol. 5 (1880), No. 27, pp. 359-360 and No. 41, p. 364. Urbani II papæ epistolæ et privilegia , ed. by Jacques Paul Migne, in: Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. Vol. 151, Col. 301-302.
  11. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, pp. 48-49.
  12. ↑ "ego Sancio Ranimirez ... rex in Pampilona et in Aragona et in Superabi immersive in Ripacorza ...", see. Canellas López (1993), No. 42, p. 56.
  13. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 52.
  14. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, pp. 52-53. As with the Battle of Viana, the Crónica de San Juan de la Peña also reinterpreted the Battle of Morella as a victory for Aragon.
  15. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 53.
  16. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 54.
  17. ↑ Historia de la Corona de Aragón: Crónica de San Juan de la Peña: Part aragonesa, ed. by T. Ximénez de Embún y Val (1876), §17, p. 55.
  18. ↑ For the date of death see Annales Compostellani, ed. by Enríque Flórez in: España Sagrada. Vol. 23 (1767), p. 321.
  19. ↑ See Szabolcs de Vajay: Ramire II le Moine, roi d'Aragon, et Agnès de Poitou dans l'histoire et dans la legend. In: Mélanges offerts à René Crozet, Vol. 2 (1966), p. 730, note 24.
  20. ↑ Ferdinand is only mentioned in a document from 1086. Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Colección diplomática de Pedro I de Aragón y Navarra (1951), No. 2, p. 212.

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Commons : Sancho Ramírez  - collection of images, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Ramiro I. King of Aragon
1063-1094 		Peter I.
Sancho IV. King of Navarre
1076-1094 		Peter I.
personal data
SURNAME Sancho I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sancho I. Ramirez; Sancho V (as King of Navarre)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of Aragon and Navarre
DATE OF BIRTH at 1045-1046
DATE OF DEATH June 4, 1094
Place of death Huesca