Mozarabic rite
The Mozarabic rite (also known as the Mozarabic liturgy , Visigoth liturgy or Old Spanish liturgy ) is a liturgical rite of the Roman Catholic Church that developed on the Iberian Peninsula and is still practiced today in a few places in Spain . Other names such as Toledan rite or Isidorian rite (after Isidore of Seville ) can be found here and there.
historical development
In the course of the rapid expansion of Christianity in the Roman Empire , various liturgical rites arose in the individual churches, among which the Roman rite initially had no special priority. The emergence and enforcement of the rite, celebrated on the Iberian Peninsula , was a sign of the strengthening Church in the Hispanic provinces and their long-maintained relative independence from Rome. The liturgy is documented as early as the 4th and 5th centuries, shortly after the diocese of Toledo was elevated to an archbishopric . At that time the Visigoths ruled the Iberian Peninsula. They were initially Arians , but converted to the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity from around 589 . Under the Visigothic aegis, this rite spread over their entire domain. The greatest spread of this rite is believed to be in the 7th century.
After the Moors invaded Hispania in 711 and the spread of Islam associated with it, most Christians on the Iberian Peninsula came under Moorish rule. In their external way of life, they adapted to the new masters - hence the name Mozarabers - and continued to celebrate their services in the traditional, Visigothic liturgy. Even in the non-Moorish areas of the Pyrenees Peninsula, this rite initially remained. The Roman liturgy and church order were gradually adopted, starting with the Pyrenees with their Carolingian influences, but mainly in the 11th and 12th centuries as part of the Europeanization of the Iberian Peninsula. This process went hand in hand with the growing political and ecclesiastical influence of Roman, Norman and French powers on internal Iberian relations and the Reconquista carried out there by Christian rulers .
The campaigns of conquest and the establishment of new secular and ecclesiastical structures in the areas newly won by the Christians not only attracted many nobles and clergy from other Christian regions of Europe, but in some cases new legal principles and forms of organization were also adopted. The papacy in particular, which promoted the centralization of the church with the church reforms of the 11th century , supported this process, which resulted, among other things, in the occupation of bishoprics with French clerics, in the growing influence of Benedictine monasticism , especially the Cluniacians , but also for Example in the replacement of the traditional Visigoth script by the Carolingian minuscule and other expressions that have long been common in the rest of Western Europe .
After Pope Alexander II is said to have ordered the change to the Roman rite, this was first introduced in the Kingdom of Aragon . In 1074 the Mozarabic liturgy was expressly forbidden by Pope Gregory VII and the Roman rite was declared binding in all countries of the Iberian Peninsula by the papal ambassadors at a council in Burgos in 1080 .
There was diverse resistance to the implementation of the Roman rite, as the change of rite meant the juridical connection of the Iberian Church to Rome, which had been very independent until then. Associated with this was a significant weakening of the influence of the laity in the churches and monasteries, which in turn restricted the foundations of the rule of the nobility and ultimately strengthened the central power of kingship.
After the conquest of Toledo in 1085, the local Mozarabic population refused to celebrate the Roman liturgy. The Pope then allowed six parishes in the Archdiocese of Toledo to continue to practice the Mozarabic rite. (Later, the Council of Trent confirmed the Mozarabic rite to the extent that it existed alongside the Ambrosian rite as permissible.) In addition to these six communities, the Mozarabic rite was henceforth only celebrated by the Christians of the Moorish domains and thus received its name.
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After his appointment as Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros became interested in the rite practiced in some parishes of his Archdiocese. He found that the measurement and hour books used were in poor condition and differed greatly from each other. Therefore, he commissioned the cathedral capitular Alonso Ortiz , together with three pastors from the Mozarabic parishes, to sift through the existing material and to try to reconstruct the original version of the manuscripts. The result of the work were the Missal mixtum secundum regulam beati Isidori, dictum mozarabes and the Breviarium secundum regulam beati Hysidori . Both works were published in print in 1500 and 1502 respectively.
Archbishop Cisneros had a chapel built at the Cathedral of Toledo, the "Capilla del Corpus Christi", in which the services were to be held according to the Mozarabic rite. Today the chapel is generally known as "Capilla Mozárabe". The chapel's staff consisted of thirteen specially trained chaplains, a sexton and two acolytes. Even today, religious services according to the Mozarabic rite are held regularly in the chapel.
Special features and distribution
The historian Klaus Herbers describes the differences between the Mozarabic and Roman liturgy, which are primarily evident in the ceremonial forms and the number and sequence of liturgical acts. This is how the traditional Visigoth liturgy possessed:
- a greater number of readings from the Old Testament ;
- a different arrangement of individual parts of the mass ;
- an independent monk's liturgy ( Liturgy of the Hours ) that differs greatly from the Benedictine ;
- a differentiated festival calendar with other holy festivals .
In the early church tradition, the Mozarabic mass was divided into two clearly separated sections: a catechumen celebration , i.e. the proclamation to the (adult) baptismal students (systematically similar to the modern liturgical service ), who then had to leave the church, while the already baptized parishioners also participated in the second part of the celebration, the Eucharist . The communion was served under both, the Lord's Prayer was before the conversion spoken and the Credo was in the Eucharistic Prayer integrated the show.
Today the Mozarabic rite is celebrated in the Cathedral of Toledo , in Salamanca , with the monks on Montserrat and in the Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos, as well as by priests with special permission. Although it was only widespread to a limited extent, the Mozarabic liturgy was confirmed according to Vatican II by the publication of the "Missale Hispano-Mozarabicum" (1991) (by the Spanish Bishops' Conference and the Archbishop of Toledo) as being fundamentally equal and equal to the Roman liturgy.
Individual evidence
- ^ Ángel Fernández Collado: Alonso Ortiz. Real Academia de la Historia, 2018, accessed February 25, 2000 (Spanish).
- ↑ Alfonso Ortiz: Missal mixtum secundum regulam beati Isidori, dictum mozarabes . Pedro Hagenbach, Toledo 1500 (Latin, [1] [accessed January 16, 2020]).
- ^ Iglesia Católica: Breviarium secundum regulam beati Hysidori . Ed .: Alfonso Ortiz. Pedro Hagenbach, Toledo 1502 (Latin, univ-tours.fr [accessed August 15, 2020]).
- ^ Joseph Pérez: Cisneros, el cardenal de España . Taurus, Barcelona 2014, ISBN 978-84-306-0948-2 , pp. 223 (Spanish).
- ↑ Mozaraguan Chapel. Catedral Primada Toledo, 2016, accessed on August 7, 2020 (severely incorrect German version).
literature
swell
- Marius Férotin (Ed.): Le Liber Mozarabicus Sacramentorum (= Monumenta Ecclesiae liturgica VI). Paris 1912
- Conferencia Episcopal Española (Ed.): Missale Hispano-Mozarabicum. Toledo 1991, ISBN 84-7129-413-3
- Susana Zapke (Ed.): Hispania Vetus. Musical-Liturgical Manuscripts. From visigothic origins to the franco-roman transition (9th-12th centuries). Fundación BBVA, Bilbao 2007, ISBN 978-84-96515-50-5
Representations
- Ludwig Vones : History of the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages 711-1480. Empires - Crowns - Regions. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1993, ISBN 3-7995-7113-2 ; here in particular: p. 83 ff.
- Klaus Herbers : History of Spain in the Middle Ages. From the Visigoth Empire to the end of the 15th century. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-17-018871-6 ; here especially: p. 150 ff.