Conditional sentence in the Spanish language

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In Spanish grammar , the conditional clause or conditional clause , oración condicional, is an (adverbial) subordinate clause in which a condition for performing the verb action for the main clause ( apodosis ) is put into words.

Explanation

From a semantic-syntactic point of view, the conditional clause is one of the adverbial clauses, according to its form it is a conjunctively introduced subordinate clause. Regarding the position in the sentence structure, one can differentiate between preceding and subsequent subordinate clauses. Conditional clauses are used to express conditions, i.e. those facts , givens on the existence of which other conditionalities depend, or statements that determine the validity of another statement or result in it. Conditionality can be expressed in terms of the "basic modalities" of reality ( indicative ) or non-reality (subjunctive). With a (subjective) utterance within these two "basic modalities", the speaker expresses himself according to the rules about the degree of certainty or uncertainty, the assumption , conditionality, requirement, the possibility or impossibility, conditionality of an imaginary content.

Such subordinate clauses (protasis) are introduced by connecting words , the connectors that are conjunctions, conjunciones condicionales ; the subordinate clauses are often - in addition to the subjuntivo - marked with the conditional , condicional or potencial . Together with the indicative , indicativo , subjunctive , subjuntivo , and the imperative , imperativo , this is one of the modes of Spanish. The mode of condicional or potencial is used to verbalize actions, events or states that would come about or actually come about after certain conditions have been met or fulfilled .

A compound sentence with a subordinate connection leads to a sentence structure . In general there are three types:

  • the subordination with noun function, subordinadas sustantivas ;
  • the subordination with adjective function, subordinadas adjetivas ;
  • the subordination with adverbial function, subordinadas adverbiales .

The conditional or conditional clause, oración condicional, belongs to the latter class.

The adverbial subordinate clauses, in turn, can be divided into two groups. When distinguishing between the two groups, it can be seen for the first group that the subordinate clauses can be replaced by adverbs of time, place or manner. Here is an example of a temporal sentence, oración temporal :

 La fiesta acabó cuando se hizo de noche.
 La fiesta acabó entonces.

Or for the local phrase, oración local :

 Iré donde quieras.
 Iré allí

Or for the modal sentence, oración modal :

 Hazlo como te dije.
 Hazlo así.

In contrast, this is not possible in the second group.

Le esperaré donde quieras. Ihn ich werde erwarten wo du möchtest. Futuro simple de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo
Le mimaré como quieras. Ihn ich werde verwöhnen wie möchtest. Futuro simple de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo
  • discrete, subordinate adverbial clauses, oraciones subordinadas adverbiales impropias . These are the causal clause, oración causal , the consecutive clause, oración consecutiva, the concessive clause , oración concesiva , the conditional clause, oración condicional , the final clause, oración final and the comparative clause, oración comparativa . - Examples:
La quiere porque es simpática. Sie er mag weil sie ist sympathisch.
Nieva tanto que no saldremos. Es schneit soviel dass nicht wir rausgehen.
Te aprobaré aunque no conduzcas. Dir ich werde genehmigen obwohl nicht du autofährst.
Si vienes, te invito a desayunar. Wenn du kommst, dich ich einlade zum frühstücken.
Lo hago para que nades. Ich tue es damit du schwimmest.
Miente más que habla. Er lügt mehr als spricht.

Two syntactic structures emerge:

  • Main clause (apodosis) + conditional conjunction + conditional clause (protasis)
  • conditional conjunction + conditional subordinate clause + main clause

The semantic function of conditional or conditional clauses is the verbal aspect of the idea of a condition. From the point of view of the syntactic function, the tenses or modes used , the grammatical tenses and verb categories differentiate between main and subordinate clauses. The main clause (apodosis) determines the syntactic structure of the entire clause, the subordinate clause is referred to as a subordinate clause (protasis) because it fulfills the role of a clause within the syntactic structure of the main clause. The conditional subordinate clause (protasis) specifies conditions (ideas, content of consciousness), the fulfillment of which is the prerequisite for the realization of the main clause (apodosis). To determine the content of a conditional sentence, one asks analogous questions, such as “Under what condition?” Or “Under what condition?” This or that happens. In Spanish “¿Con qué condición?”.

In terms of grammar, conditional or conditional clauses belong to the group of adverbial clauses , oración subordinada adverbial . They generally designate a subordinate clause , which can be replaced by an adverbial determination , complemento circunstancial as a clause or transformed into an adverbial determination. So the whole subordinate clauses (protases) for the main clause (apodosis) can have the function of an adverbial. The adverbial definition in the protasis determines the statement of an action intended in the main clause or the state expressed in the apodosis. Adverbial clauses are often introduced by conjunctions . The respective type of meaning is then often indicated by special (subordinate) conjunctions, such as “if” or in Spanish “si” . The “si” differs from the Spanish or “ja” by the lack of a diacritical accent , acento diacrítico . The adverbial definition of the condition explains to the addressee under which condition something happens, happens or could happen.

The conditional clause also belongs to the “group of hypothetical sentence structures”, to which the comparative clause , the concessive clause and the consecutive clause are included. It is characteristic of the conditional connection that the causal or cause-effect relationship does not have to relate directly to reality , but can be mapped or shaped in a speaker-related reality. They form together with the final movements , oraciones final one unintended consequence or a cause or target state, the conditional sentences condicionales oraciones designating a condition for the law of action (Apodose), the Konzessivsätzen , oraciones concesivas describing a counter-base, the Usually a main clause prevents the consecutive clauses , oraciones consecutivas, which describe a sequence and usually have a correlate or reference word in the main clause, a group related to the causal clauses , oraciones causales in the broader sense. Because they are able to express a reason for the fact or state of affairs described in the main clause, since all these adverbial clauses are always about cause-consequence relationships.

Formally, such sentence structures are similar to the forms of the logical conclusion , if “p then q”, which consists of a premise and the resulting conclusion. One reason for that conditional clauses are often used in scientific language or its discourses , where they can be used to express logical consistency. - Examples:

Si „p“ entonces „q“. Si hoy es „martes“ entonces mañana es „miércoles“.
Si hoy es lunes, entonces mañana no es martes. Wenn heute ist Montag, dann morgen nicht ist Dienstag.
Si a y b son números racionales, entonces a+b es un número racional.
Si llueve el suelo está mojado.

or as an implication . - example:

„p“ implica „p“. „Hoy es martes“, por tanto „mañana es miércoles“.
Llueve, por tanto el suelo está mojado.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Protasis Apodosis
subordinate clause main clause
Oración subordinada Oración principal
Antecedents, antecedents Consistent, consiguiente
if ("si") then
"Antecedent" "Subsequent or subsequent sentence"
conditions Happening, events
Requirements , reasons consequences
Independently Dependent
"Tension-creating antecedent" "Tension-releasing addendum"
" Premise (logic)" " Conclusion "
coordination Subordination
Imagination , mental space statement
Realis: Indicativo (presente) Realis: Indicativo (presente, futuro), Imperativo
Potentialis: Subjuntivo (pasado) Potentialis: Condicionalis (presente)
Irrealis: Subjuntivo (posterioridad) Irrealis: Condicionalis, Subjuntivo (perfecto, posterioridad)

The protasis is a hypothetical (pre-) condition, which if it is fulfilled, provides the causal prerequisite for the state of affairs, event that is pronounced in the subsequent apodosis. The dependency of the sentence, with regard to its conditions, is indicated by a special introduction in the subordinate clause (protasis). - Examples:

The "si" at the beginning of the subordinate clause (protasis) indicates the dependency of the sentence. If the conditional clause is introduced by a conditional conjunction (subordinate conjunction), conjunciones condicionales , it is called the introduced subordinate clause, oración subordinada iniciada . Subordinating conjunctions, conjunciones de subordinación, they are also called subjunctions or subordinating conjunctions, conjunciones subordinantes , connect a subordinate clause (protasis) with a superordinate, dependent main clause (apodosis). The following applies to the setting of commas: whenever conjunctions that introduce the conditional or conditional clauses are or are inserted at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is set. - Examples:

With regard to the conjunctions, the following examples can be given:

spanish words German translations
si if; if, if
si no otherwise; otherwise
a condición de que under the condition that; on condition that; provided that
a no ser que unless; unless that
a menos que As long as not; unless
en caso de que in case that; in case that
en tanto que so far; so far
siempre que provided that
a cambio de que whereas
a condición que with the proviso that; under the condition that
en caso necesario if necessary; if necessary; if necessary
in the peor de los casos worst case

The condicional in the conditional clause

In Spanish, the conditional has two tenses, the condicional simple and the condicional perfecto (compuesto) . The formation of the conditional goes back to the high Latin form of the past perfect indicative, but now fulfills a different function. In Old Spanish , the past perfect indicative remains, but it changes over time, so that from the 14th century it is used exclusively as a subjuntivo imperfect or in the condicional, i.e. its current application.

An example: Classical Latin cantaveram to cantaram to old Spanish cantara to Spanish cantara .

A comparison of some Romance languages in the formation of the condicional simple in the broadest sense:

language example
Latin cantāre habēbam
Italian canterei
Spanish cantaría
Portuguese cantaria
French je chanterais
Catalan cantaria

The condicional simple is required in order to verbalize the following facts:

  • to express a request or wish;
  • construct a hypothetical issue ;
  • an invitation, but also advice to be given;
  • To soften expressions in the conversation situation;
  • to formulate the so-called "future in the past";
  • make a guess about the past;
  • reproduce the indirect speech .

The following application possibilities arise for the condicional perfecto :

  • Uncertainties and guesswork in indirect speech;
  • a hypothetical fact;
  • unreal conditional or if-then clauses;
  • the so-called "closed future in the past".

The Spanish romanist Samuel Gili Gaya completely abolishes the concept of the condicional of the endings -ría and instead speaks of the “futuro hipotético” for the condicional simple ( cantaría ) and of the “antefuturo hipotético” for the condicional perfecto ( habría cantado ).

The subjunctive in the conditional sentence

The use of the subjuntivo depends on whether the conditions promised in the subordinate clause (protasis) will occur in the main clause (apodosis) or not. The meaningful use of this mode is only guaranteed if the occurrence of the event or action is not within the speaker's sphere of influence. For Hummel (2001) the speaker is confronted with events, facts and circumstances that take place in their own dynamics independently of the speaker. This results in certain attitudes such as joy, fear, love, hope, doubt, anger, sadness, frustration in the speaker, which are the result of his lack of influence in relation to his own wishes . The correspondence of the times in the modes of the indicative, indicativo and subjunctive, subjuntivo to each other can be characterized as follows, the presence of the speaker is relevant for the reference to time:

  • Presente de subjuntivo means the present and future
  • Perfecto de subjuntivo means perfect presence and future
  • Imperfecto de subjuntivo means past and future in the past or unreality of the present and future
  • Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo means past and perfect future in the past or unreality of the perfect future, past, the perfect future in the past or the previous past.

The Spanish if-then sentence

In the secondary or if-clause the condition is mentioned under which what is said in the main or then-clause occurs or does not occur. One part of the sentence names the condition, the other part, the main clause, the actual event. The antecedent (protasis) is the condition or if clause in front of the main clause, and the after, main or then clause ( apodosis ) follows in the structure of the conditional clause . The conditional (hypothetical) subordinate clause specifies a condition (protasis), the fulfillment of which is a prerequisite for the realization of the main clause (apodosis). In an interactive situation , the speaker establishes an agreement with his interlocutor that he hypothetically applies the verbal representation in the conditional or conditional clause ( protasis) as a purely imagined proposition as true and executes the resulting consequences in the main clause (apodosis) and explained. The protasis of the conditional sentence structure contains the truth conditions for the validity of the proposition embedded as apodosis. Depending on which truth value (see also counterfacticity ) the speaker expresses his idea in the antecedent (protasis), different types can be distinguished: Realis, Potentialis and Irrealis. The unreality is determined in comparison to the real perceived reality ("actual world") and the reference to this real perceived and depicted world causes the real world including this unreal condition in the possible world of the promised statement occurs.

In the respective interactive situation, in the act of speaking, the speaker intends or forms the verbalization of ideas and consciousness contents into explanations , for which he has to choose the different tenses and modes, depending on whether he is what he wants to communicate in a form of the weakened Drafts assertion and thus expresses that what can happen is also possible, but does not necessarily have to happen, or whether he puts facts into words that something is very improbable or almost impossible. He will also structure his speech result in such a way that he expresses something else with what has been said, for example in the “unrealis of the present”, which is very unlikely but is still possible or with the “unrealis of the past”, on the other hand, promises something that is already in was in the past and is therefore extremely impossible. The tenses are particularly suitable for mapping a temporal relationship with the morphologically manifesting grammatical verb categories. In the speech act and the development of his hypothesis, the speaker announces a fictional , purely discursive speech event. The speaker establishes an agreement with the interlocutor in such a way that he has assumed a purely ( cognitively ) presented proposition in the protasis of the conditional or conditional clause as hypothetically true, which now in the resulting consequences for the main clause, the apodosis to be explained.

In the Spanish language , as in German, there are three types of conditional clauses from a grammatical point of view :

Type I a and b: the real conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales reales

The conditions can or will occur, so are possible or likely; the prerequisites for the fulfillment of actions, events or conditions relate to the present; expresses something that can or must be expected.

Type Ia: Real conditional clauses ,
oraciones condicionales reales can be fulfilled in the present or in the future. The (hypothetical) subordinate clause indicating the condition is highlighted in gray (protasis)
Type I b: Real conditional clauses ,
oraciones condicionales reales (pasado) were already fulfilled in the past. The main clause event (apodosis) was implemented in the past
Type II: Irreal conditional sentence, oraciones condicionales irreales (presente); The independent clause is the main clause (apodosis); the dependent rate, in the gray field is the independent rate (protasis)
Type III: unreal conditional sentence, oraciones condicionales irreales (pasado); The condition for the main sentence event (apodosis) had not been met in the past
  • Si tengo tiempo , te ayudo. If I have time , I'll help you. Presente de indicativo + Presente de indicativo
  • Si tengo tiempo , te ayudaré. If I have time , I'll help you. Presente de indicativo + Futuro simple de indicativo
  • Si tengo tiempo , te voy ayudar. If I have time , I will (“will”) help you. Presente de indicativo + Futuro próximo de indicativo
  • Si llueve , me quedo en casa. When it rains , I stay in the house.
  • Si llueve mañana , no saldré. If it doesn't rain tomorrow , I won't go out.
  • Si tengo tiempo hoy , iré al cine. If I have time , I'll go to the movies.
  • Si tengo tiempo hoy , voy al cine. Whenever I have time , I go to the cinema.
* Si tengo dinero, me compro un caballo. Wenn ich habe Geld, mir ich kaufe ein Pferd. Bezug auf Gegenwärtigkeit mit Presente simple de indicativo
  • Si tengo dinero , me compraré un caballo. If I have money , I'll buy me a horse. Relation to the future with Futuro simple de indicativo
  • Si tengo dinero , me voy a comprar un caballo. If I have money , I I'll go to a horse. Relation to the future with Futuro proximo de indicativo

Type II: the potential conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales potenciales

There is a possibility that the conditions could come true, are possible to unlikely; the prerequisites for the fulfillment of actions, refers to the present; expresses something that should be presented as possible or conceivable.

  • Si tuviera tiempo , te ayudaría. If I had time , I would help you. Subjuntivo imperfecto + Condicional simple de indicativo
  • Si tuviera tiempo hoy , iría al cine. If I had time , I would have gone to the cinema. Subjuntivo imperfecto + Condicional simple de indicativo
  • A menos que hubiera tenido tiempo de escabullirse antes del ataque. If he / she had time to escape from the attack. Subjuntivo pluscuamperfecto + Infinitivo

Subjuntivo pluscuamperfecto

  • Si tuviera dinero , me compraría un caballo. If I had money , I would buy me a horse. Reference to the present with Subjuntivo imperfecto + Condicional simple de indicativo

Type III: the unreal conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales irreales

There is actually no possibility that the conditions could come true, since the condition mostly relates to the past and less to the present, a realization is not conceivable; expresses something that should be presented as impossible or not really. The past conditions with consequences for the present are a specialty. - Example:

  • Si le hubiéramos invitado , habría venido. If we had invited him / her , he / she would have come.
  • Si lo habría sabido , te lo hubiera dicho. If I had known , I would have told you
  • Si hubiera tenido tiempo, habría terminado el trabajo.
  • Si hubiera tenido dinero , me habría comprado un caballo. If I had money , I would buy me a horse. Relation to the past with condicional perfecto
  • Si hubiera tenido dinero , me hubiera comprado un caballo. If I had had money , I would have bought a horse. Relation to the past with pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo

Particles and other constructions introducing the conditional sentence

If you connect two sub-clauses in Spanish with conjunctions ( particles ), the sentence order and the sequence of tenses, Consecutio temporum of the verbs used, remain unchanged in the two connecting clauses , as if two independent clauses were being combined. In German, in subordinate clauses that are introduced by conjunctions, question or relative pronouns, the finite verb is at the end of the sentence ( verb-last position ). From a general point of view, some conjunctions call for the use and application of different modes, such as the indicativo and again others that of the subjunktivo . But the use of infinite verbs is also possible.

Conditional conjunctions

In Spanish, the conditional or subordinate clauses, introduced by the conditional conjunction, conjunción condicional , si or their word combinations such as excepto si , salvo si , por si , are in the subjunctive , unless the conditions of the following main clause can be fulfilled. - example:

  • Si tengo tiempo , te ayudo. When I have time , I'll help you. Presente de indicativo + Presente de indicativo

Other conjunctions that always have the subjunctive in their sequence are, for example

  • en caso de que , siempre que , en tanto que , con tal que , excepto que , a poco que , en previsión que , a reserva que , por supuesto que , ya que etc.

The first two forms of the Spanish conditional sentence differ from the German conditional sentence. The following rules apply: In the conditional or if part of the sentence, i.e. si (if), there is a form of the subjunctive, subjuntivo . In the subsequent then-part, which gives expression to the sequence, follows a form of the Spanish conditional, condicional . In other words, in Spanish the condicional can never be in the subordinate, conditional or if clause.

Infinite constructions to introduce the conditional clause

In general, Spanish has the option of shortening subordinate clauses with infinite verb forms from the infinitive, infinitivo , participle, participio or gerund, gerundio .

Conditional infinitive constructions

Conditional clauses that are formulated or shortened as conditional infinitive clauses are most common in Spanish in the negative form. Instead of a conditional subordinate clause (protasis), the infinitive, infinitivo occurs with “de” or with the “a condición de”. - example:

  • De haberlo sabido , no hubiera ido. (If) Had n't I known , I would have left.
  • De no ser verdad , no lo hubiera dicho. (If) its not true, not it I would have said. If it wasn't true , I wouldn't have said it.
  • Escribiré a condición de hablar diariamente. I will write on the condition , when talking every day.

Gerundial constructions

In order to shorten subordinate clauses (protasis) with the gerundio , the subject must be the same for the main and subordinate clauses and the action in the subordinate clause must take place at the same time as that in the main clause or, as given in the conditional clause, express a sequence. Subordinate clauses can be shortened with the gerund, which makes them important stylistic devices like the other forms . - example:

  • Teniendo dinero , se compraría un caballo. (If I had) Having money , he / she would buy a horse.
  • Estando en la ciudad , no se hablarán nadie. Being in town, they won't speak anything. If you are in town , they will say nothing.

Overview table

Types of conditional clauses Level of feasibility of events Relationships on the different aspects Indicativo vs. Subjunctive Conditional, subordinate or if clause (protasis) Follow-up, main or then sentence (apodosis)
Real conditional sentences , oraciones condicionales reales Realization of the presupposed condition is possible : if ... Present, perfect aspect Indicativo Presente de indicativo (But only after si , excepto si , por si , salvo si . After si clauses, however, a futuro must never be used. After other conditional conjunctions, the subjuntivo is always used, see below.) Presente de indicativo, Futuro simple de indicativo, Imperativo
Potential conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales potenciales The feasibility of the presupposed condition is likely : if ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Presente de subjuntivo Futuro simple, imperativo
Feasibility of the presupposed condition is unlikely : should ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple, Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo, Pretérito indefinido de indicativo, Imperativo
Unreal conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales irreales Realizability of the presupposed condition is impossible : if ..., then ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple, Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo
Past, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto, Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
Past affecting the present, imperfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto, Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

Didactic

In contrast to the German language, in which the verb in the subordinate clause is often at the end of the sentence, the subject-verb-object position is retained in Spanish . Furthermore, a translation can be more difficult for the German native speaker , as there are subordinate clauses without conjunctions in the German language , so-called uninitiated subordinate clauses . - example:

  • If the service is later, ( then ) we will meet in the café across the street.
  • If you don't have time today, just work tomorrow.
  • If you don't have time today, just work tomorrow.

The introductory conjunction “if” or “if” can be left out, as in the second sentence, but then the finite verb form is positioned at the beginning of the sentence. This lacks an important distinguishing feature, the conditional conjunction, for the subordinate clause. - Example:

  • Si vinieras ahora , se lo podrías decir. If you came now, I would be able to tell you. Actually: if you came now , I would be able to tell you.

The use of tenses in the main and subordinate clauses, between the German and Spanish languages , is different. - Example: + * Si pudiera , te diría que te quiero. If I could , I would tell you that I love you. While in German the subjunctive II present tense appears both in the main clause (Apodosis) and in the subordinate clause (Protasis), in Spanish the Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo is used in the Protasis ( pudiera ) and the Condicional in the Apodosis ( te diría que te quiero ) simple used.

In the case of unreal conditional clauses in the German language, the subjunctive II is always used in both the main and subordinate clauses. Since in some verbs the German subjunctive II present tense does not differ from the indicative past tense, so with weak and some mixed verbs, these verbs are paraphrased the "would-form". On closer inspection, these are the original future forms of the subjunctive II, which have changed their function. According to Becher u. Bergenholtz (1985) and also Bausch (1979) also defined as "subjunctive III". - example:

  • he, she waited the subjunctive II present tense corresponds to the indicative past tense. With the paraphrase in the subjunctive II future tense ("would + infinitive"): he, she would wait

In general, the "would-form" is chosen instead of many strong verbs in everyday language . - example:

  • Infinitive "to go", subjunctive II present tense: I would go . With the paraphrase in the subjunctive II future tense ("would + infinitive"): I would go
  • Infinitive "to enjoy", subjunctive II present tense: I enjoy . With the paraphrase in the subjunctive II future tense ("would + infinitive"): I would enjoy
  • Infinitive “milken”, subjunctive II present tense: I mölke . With the paraphrase in the subjunctive II future tense ("would + infinitive"): I would milk
  • Infinitive "suck", subjunctive II present tense: I söge . With the paraphrase in the subjunctive II future tense ("would + infinitive"): I would suck

This often general use of the subjunctive I future tense ("would + infinitive") or "subjunctive III" without taking into account its position in the subordinate or main clause makes the translation into Spanish sentence structures partially more opaque. - example:

  • Si trabajara más , podría ganar más reconocimiento.
  • If he / she worked more, he / she might deserve more credit. If he / she worked harder, he / she might deserve more credit.
  • If he / she worked more, he / she might deserve more recognition. If he / she worked more, he / she might deserve more credit.

See also

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. The indicative modo indicativo sets the action or event as real . The subjunctive modo subjuntivo sets the action as possible . The conditional modo condicional starts the action as conditioned . The imperative modo imperativo sets the action as being required, recommended .
  2. There are two forms for the subjuntivo imperfecto which are more or less equal.
  3. en caso de que in the case of that; siempre que provided that, whenever, whenever ; en tanto que if not, as long as not, insofar ; con tal que if only, provided that ; excepto que except that ; a poco que, no matter how little ; en previsión que in the expectation that; a reserva que por supuesto que of course that ; ya que da yes, because
  4. to the so-called "subjunctive substitute form" , "dignity form" or subjunctive III according to Becher u. Bergenholtz (1985) Henning Bergenholtz, Marlis Becher: Be or not be. Problems of mode use in offline speech. Nouveaux Cahiers d'Allemand, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 443-457.

Individual evidence

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  2. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 190 f.
  3. Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 64.
  4. Elena Santillán: Spanish Morphosyntax. A study book for teaching, learning and practicing. Narr, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8233-6980-6 , p. 94.
  5. Rocío Lineros Quintero: Teoría sintáctica: Las proposiciones subordinadas adverbiales. contraclave.org
  6. ^ Holger Siever: Translate Spanish into German. A work book. (= Fool study books). Gunter Narr, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8233-6391-0 , pp. 23-24.
  7. Reinhard Kiesler : Speech system technology. Introduction to sentence analysis for Romanists. Winter, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-8253-6409-0 , p. 70
  8. Ursula Vences: Spanish as a scientific language. German Association of Spanish Teachers, edition tranvía, Verlag Walter Frey, Berlin 2003.
  9. Wolfgang Stegmüller : Scientific Language, Significance and Theoretical Concepts: The Problem of Empirical Significance Motives for the Two-Stage Theory of Scientific Language Disposition Predicates and Metric Concepts. (= Problems and results of the philosophy of science and analytical philosophy. Volume 2). Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-00247-6 , p. 261.
  10. Arnulf Deppermann, Henrike Helmer: On the grammar of understanding in conversation: Show inferences and draw consequences for action so and then. In: Journal of Linguistics. 32 (1), 2013, pp. 1–39. doi: 10.1515 / zfs-2013-0001
  11. Justo Fernández López: Sentence-valued infinitive, gerundial and participle constructions. Sentence equivalents and abbreviations of subordinate clauses. on: hispanoteca.eu
  12. Ulrike Schwall: Aspectuality: a semantic-functional category. (= Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics. Volume 344). Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-8233-4207-X , p. 274 f.
  13. Heinrich Blase: The history of the past perfect in Latin. J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung, Giessen 1894, p. 4.
  14. ^ Ralph Penny: A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80587-2 , pp. 205 f.
  15. ^ Samuel Gili Gaya: Curso superior de Sintaxis española. Mexico 1943. (2nd edition. Barcelona 1948, 15th edition. 2002)
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  23. Denice Berndt, Theresa Stockmann, Maike Tannert: Oraciones condicionales reales en español, inglés, alemán y otros idiomas. Lesson ideas for a Spanish class taking into account migration-related multilingualism. University Duisburg-Essen. Cooperation events between the Spanish didactics and ProDaZ. Direction: Diana Granados Londoño, Erkan Gürsoy, Maren Siems SS 13, 2013, pp. 1–5.
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  28. curso de español Chapter 8: ser and estar, Gerundio, Passive and the German man. spanisch-lehrbuch.de
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  33. Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 86 f.
  34. The unreal conditional sentence. The unreal conditional sentence. ( Canoonet )
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