Temporal clause in the Spanish language

A tense clause or temporal clause , oración temporal, is understood in grammar as a special form of an adverbial subordinate clause , oración subordinada adverbial . The subordinate clauses that have the syntactic function of an adverbial definition of time in the main clause are considered to be temporal clauses .

Explanation

A temporal clause denotes a point in time or period and is introduced by a temporal conjunction , conjunciones temporales , they verbal events and provide information about the beginning, the end and the duration of an action. The temporal clauses (protasis) provide information about: “When?”, “From when?”, “How long?” And “Until when?” Or “During”, “After”, “After” a fact or event occurs in a Action in a main clause (apodosis) occurs or could occur.

Compound sentence with subordinate connection

A compound sentence with a subordinate connection leads to a sentence structure . In general there are three types:

the subordination with noun function, subordinadas sustantivas ;
the subordination with adjective function, subordinadas adjetivas ;
the subordination with adverbial function, subordinadas adverbiales .

The conditional or conditional clause, oración condicional, belongs to the latter class.

The adverbial subordinate clauses, in turn, can be divided into two groups. When distinguishing between the two groups, it can be seen for the first group that the subordinate clauses can be replaced by adverbs of time, place or manner. Here is an example of a temporal sentence, oración temporal :

 La fiesta acabó cuando se hizo de noche.
 La fiesta acabó entonces.

In contrast, this is not possible in the second group.

independent, subordinate adverbial clauses, oraciones subordinadas adverbiales propias . These are the temporal clause, oración temporal , the local clause, oración local and the modal clause, oración modal . - Examples:

Le escribiré cuando quieras. Ihn ich werde schreiben wenn du möchtest. Futuro simple de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo
Le esperaré donde quieras. Ihn ich werde erwarten wo du möchtest. Futuro simple de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo
Le mimaré como quieras. Ihn ich werde verwöhnen wie möchtest. Futuro simple de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo

discrete, subordinate adverbial clauses, oraciones subordinadas adverbiales impropias . These are the causal clause, oración causal , the consecutive clause, oración consecutiva, the concessive clause , oración concesiva , the conditional clause, oración condicional , the final clause, oración final and the comparative clause, oración comparativa . - Examples:

La quiere porque es simpática. Sie er mag weil sie ist sympathisch.
Nieva tanto que no saldremos. Es schneit soviel dass nicht wir rausgehen.
Te aprobaré aunque no conduzcas. Dir ich werde genehmigen obwohl nicht du autofährst.
Si vienes, te invito a desayunar. Wenn du kommst, dich ich einlade zum frühstücken.
Lo hago para que nades. Ich tue es damit du schwimmest.
Miente más que habla. Er lügt mehr als spricht.

The temporal clause, oración temporal

The tenses or time levels and the modes can be the same or different in main and subordinate clauses. The time relationships in turn determine the relationship between two time levels. In other words, the speaker or writer looks at two points in time and decides which of the two points in time occurs first and which comes after. As a rough rule for the temporal relationships, the following applies: If there is a relationship between prematurity, anterioridad or simultaneity, simultaneidad of the temporal clause (protasis) to the main clause (apodosis), the indicative is used; in the case of posteriority , posterioridad the subordinate clause is marked in the subjunctive.

From the point of view of the action ( timeline ), the following applies:

if the event or happening in a subordinate clause (protasis) begins before the event expressed in the main clause (apodosis), oraciones subordinadas temporales de anterioridad , it is spoken of prematurity, anterioridad . Temporal connectors are: después de que , en cuanto , tan pronto como , nada más que , enseguida , apenas ;

if the facts of the subordinate clause (protasis) begin (largely) at the same time as the event expressed in the main clause (apodosis), oraciones subordinadas temporales de simultaneidad , one speaks of simultaneity , simultaneidad . Connectors are: mientras , mientras que , cuando , no bien , en cuanto , tan luego , como ;
in the case of postponement, that which has taken place or is taking place last is placed in the term set (protasis). When the facts or events of the subordinate clause (protasis) begin after the verbal event in the main clause (apodosis), oraciones subordinadas temporales de posterioridad , one speaks of posteriority , posterioridad . Connectors are: antes (de) que , hasta que , antes de .

The temporal clause (protasis) makes it possible to situate an event of the main clause (apodosis) in time, but this happens indirectly through the subordinate clause only insofar as the event promised in the temporal clause must be specified more precisely and its chronological sequence is situated; The event to be grasped can be arranged in time by placing it in relation to the events of the subordinate clause (protasis, temporal clause) already situated on the time axis. - example:

 Acabábamos con esta batalla antes que se pusiera el sol. Wir beendeten mit der Schlacht bevor noch die Sonne unterginge. Die Sonne ging nach Schlachtende unter. Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

The “moment of sunset ” in the Protasis defines the sequence of times or, better, the aspect by means of which the event of the main clause (apodosis) in this case “the end of the battle ” is positioned closer in time or, better , is marked as an incomplete process End in the past remains indefinite. Now one can say about the event of the main clause that it already took place in an indefinite way in the past and is characterized by an imperfective aspect, as is also the case in the temporal subordinate clause (protasis). The subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause . It is only through the temporal conjunction, conjunciones temporales “antes que” that the event of the apodosis “Acabábamos con esta batalla” took place in the past before the lexically and semantically determined fixed point of the protasis “se pusiera el sol”. The temporal clause ( protasis) is related to the temporality, posterioridad to the main clause (apodosis).

In the following sentence, the event in the main clause “the end of the battle ” would take place in the past, after which “the sun would have set” in the subordinate clause. The temporal clause (protasis) is related to the prematurity of the main clause.

 Acabábamos con esta batalla después de que se hubiera puesto el sol. Wir beendeten mit der Schlacht nachdem die Sonne untergegangen wäre. Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo + Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo

Syntactic structure of temporal clauses

Temporal clauses (protasis) are particularly suitable for precisely depicting any temporal relationship between different actions, storylines or events in a text or narrative . In addition to verbal inflection as a grammatical means and the lexical means that represent time, they are the most important means of expression in the (Spanish) language. The temporal conjunctions that introduce the subordinate clause (protasis) determine the relationship or temporal relation between the events of the main clause (adoposis) and the temporal clause (protasis). Two syntactic structures emerge:

Main Clause (Adoposis) + Temporal Conjunction + Temporal Clause (Protasis)
temporal conjunction + temporal subordinate clause + main clause

The decisive factor in this temporal relationship is the relationship in which the action, the event of the main clause (apodosis) is interwoven with the action of the (temporal) subordinate clause (protasis). A temporal relationship of prematurity , anterioridad of simultaneity , simultaneous or post-temporality , posterioridad may have developed. The selection of the respective mode , indicative or subjunctive is derived from this. Since the main clause (apodosis) is understood as a (temporal) point of reference, the subordinate clause is in a temporal relationship of pre-simultaneity or post-temporality. The decisive factor, however, is whether the action reproduced in the temporal clause (protasis) takes place prematurely, at the same time or after that of the main clause (apodosis).

The following rules apply:

in the case of prematurity or simultaneity in the past or present, Spanish is indicativo , the temporal clause (protasis) describes an event that has already taken place in the first case;
if there is simultaneity in the future, the subjuntivo stands ;
in the case of temporality, the subjuntivo is often or regularly used , the event of the temporal clause (protasis) has not yet taken place.

A compound sentence with a subordinate connection leads to a sentence structure . In general, there are three types of subordinate propositions or subordinate clauses:

the subordination with noun function, subordinadas sustantivas ;
the subordination with adjective function, subordinadas adjetivas ;
the subordination with adverbial function, subordinadas adverbiales .

The time or temporal clause, oración temporal, belongs to the latter classification class .

A temporal clause is understood in grammar as a clause that describes the time of a main clause (apodosis) in more detail. Because it replaces the adverbial definition of time, it is an adverbial clause. To determine the content of a temporal sentence, one asks with analogous questions, such as "At what point in time?" Or "In what period of time?" This or that happens, or with the question pronoun in German "When", "Since when" and "How long?" . In Spanish “¿En que momento paso?”, “¿Cuánto tiempo dura eso?” Or “¿Cuándo?”. Frequent conjunctions in German are “als” , “after” , “during” and “before” . Through the conjunction and the tense used, the relation of time to the main clause is expressed; it can be premature , late or simultaneous . - Examples:

 Er ging nach Hause, nachdem die Kirchenglocke geläutet hatte. Vorzeitiges Zeitverhältnis, Präteritum im Hauptsatz, Plusquamperfekt im Nebensatz; Handlung im Hauptsatz (Apodosis) liegt zeitlich nach dem Ereignis im Nebensatz (Protasis);

 Er ging nach Hause, als die Kirchenglocke läutete. Gleichzeitiges Zeitverhältnis, Präteritum im Hauptsatz und im Nebensatz; Handlung im Hauptsatz liegt zeitlich parallel zum Ereignis im Nebensatz;

 Der Rezeptionist weckt ihn, bevor das Taxi kommt. Nachzeitiges Zeitverhältnis, Präsens im Haupt- und Nebensatz; Ereignis, Handlung im Hauptsatz (Apodosis) liegt zeitlich vor der Handlung im Nebensatz (Protasis).

Temporal connectors

The most important temporal connectors in Spanish are:

spanish words	German translations	Lexical meaning regarding pre-, simultaneity and post-temporality	meaning
después de que	after this	Prematurity, anterioridad	Event in the subordinate clause is in the present or future. Runs before the action in the main clause.
tan pronto como	as soon as; as soon as	Prematurity	The event in the subordinate clause occurs immediately before the main clause.
nada más que	nothing more than that; as soon as	Prematurity
como	if; if	Prematurity	Repeated premature happenings
luego	consequently; later	Prematurity
cuando	as; if; always when	Simultaneity, simultaneidad
mientras	as long as	simultaneity	Same duration due to the same start and end points of the events.
mientras que	while	simultaneity	Event in the subordinate clause specifies the time frame within which the event in the main clause takes place.
a medida que	after how; in the course of that	rather at the same time	Same duration; Time frame through the subordinate clause.
en cuanto	as; so far; as soon as	simultaneity	Events in the main clause and the subordinate clause take place at the same time in the present or the future.
tan luego como	as soon as	rather simultaneity
ahora que	as soon as; now; now where; but now	rather simultaneity	Events in the main clause and the subordinate clause occur from the same point in time in the present or the future.
sin embargo	meanwhile; meanwhile	rather simultaneity
desde que	since	rather simultaneity	Premature happening as the starting point of a period of time. Event in the subordinate clause determines the starting point of the ongoing events in the main clause.
desde entonces	since	rather simultaneity	The event in the subordinate clause has the same duration as that in the main clause, both events have the same starting point.
en cuanto	as soon as	rather simultaneity	The event in the main clause and that in the subordinate clause take place at the same time in the present or the future.
antes (de) que	before; marriage	Postponement, posterioridad	Event in the subordinate clause takes place after the occurrence in the main clause.
hasta que	to	Postponement	Event in the subordinate clause defines the end point of an ongoing event in the main clause.
siempre que	always when

If the justification of the subordinate clause (protasis) is mentioned before the consequence, the main clause (apodosis), the temporal conjunctions cuando , but also hasta que and mientras are used . So here the subordinate clause always comes before the main clause. - Examples:

 Cuando el agua hierva, se le incorporan los espaguetis . Wenn das Wasser kocht, man sie gibt hinein die Spaghetti.

Hans Reichenbach created a terminology to understand the verbal sequence of tenses. He described the tenses by means of two relations between the three reference points mentioned above. For the characterization of the different tense forms, the relation between the speaking time S , punto de habla H and the reference point R , punto de referencia R as well as that between the event time E , punto del evento E and the reference point R was set . The relationship or ratio of the reference time, R to talk time, S is the terms "past" ( RS ), "Presence" ( S, R ) and "Zukünfigkeit" ( SR described), the relation of the event time, E at the reference time R is one by the terms “prematurely” ( ER ), “simultaneously” ( R, E ) and “afterwards” ( R, E ). If the tense is the positioning or localization of an event E in relation to a reference point in time R , it must be determined for the temporal clause whether a relationship of prematurity, simultaneity or post-temporality between the main clause (apodosis) and the subsidiary or temporal clause (protasis) as well as exist between the entire sentence structure and the speaking time S.

 La nave espacial llegará después que amanezca. Das Raumschiff wird landen nachdem Eintreten der Dunkelheit. Futuro simple de indicativo + Preseente de subjuntivo

The event of the subordinate or temporal clause (protasis) precedes that of the main clause (apodosis); Expression of grammatical prematurity.

Clause 1	Clause 2
Protasis	Apodosis
subordinate clause	main clause
Oración subordinada	Oración principal
Antecedents, antecedents	Consistent, consiguiente
"Antecedent"	"Subsequent or subsequent sentence"
Temporal and aspect-related determination of the main clause	Happening of the main clause time, space
Independently	Dependent
coordination	Subordination
Prematurity Event in the subordinate clause occurs earlier	the event in the main clause
Simultaneous event in the subordinate clause coincides with the timing	the event together in the main clause
Subsequentness Event in the subordinate clause falls behind in time	the event in the main clause
factual character; describes an experienced, experienced event, event time E	of the main clause
not factual character; Late to the reference point R	of the event in the main sentence or at speaking time S

Hans Reichenbach (1947) created a terminology for understanding the verbal sequence of tenses, the deictic and narrative tense functions.

Speaking time or utterance time, utterance time, speech act, S point of speech or H punto de habla , it refers to the moment of verbalization by the speaker, it is in some cases also defined as a possible time span, mostly it is a moment of time. It relates to the moment of speaking
Event time or situation time, event time, E point of event, punto del evento , it is the time interval in which the verbalized state applies or the expressed action takes place, it can be both a point in time and a period of time. An event is a fact or fact that is tied to a time interval,
Reference time or observation time, reference time, reference point R point of reference, punto de referencia , it is a time interval different from the speaking time. Reproduced by a "viewer". It points to an event, for example through a time adverb, or it refers to an occurrence in order to localize it deictically in time. [34] The reference time and thus the time setting can be determined using temporal adverbs or from the narrative context. The reference time reports or discriminates between prematurity, anterioridad and post-temporality, posterioridad,

Under the talk time distance is the distance between the opening time S or H and the event time E .

Time axis past, E, RS , where E stands for the time allocation when the event takes place. Talk time S ; Event time E , reference time R

Pérez Saldana (1999) distinguishes the subordinate clause (protasis) in the adverbial sentence structure, i.e. main clause (apodosis) from temporal clause (protasis) according to subordinate clauses with a factual character and those with a non-factual character. The indicativo mode is used for subordinate clauses with a factual character ; they describe past events that have been experienced, lived, or a habit from the past. In the non-factual subordinate clauses, on the other hand, an event, event time E , which is later than the reference point R , i.e. the event of the main clause or at the time of the utterance, speaking time S, is set in language, thus expressing a possibly not yet experienced action. The mode of the subjuntivo is used here.

If the subordinate clause (temporal clause, protasis) is postponed to the main clause (apodosis), the subjunctive usually appears in the temporal clause. If the verb of the main clause is in a tense of the past, the indicative follows after the conjunction. But if the main clause is in a different tense, such as future tense, conditional, the subjunctive appears in the temporal clause (protasis). In the future tense in the main clause, the presente de subjuntivo follows , whereas if the conditional is in the main clause, the imperfecto de subjuntivo is used. This shows that the subjunctive does not represent a tense in the actual sense, but rather characterizes the aspect of the incomplete ( imperfective ) process such as the presente de subjuntivo in contrast to the aspect of the completed ( perfective aspect ) process such as the pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo .

Language history of the modes in the temporal clause

Originally in Spanish, much like today in the French language , the mode use Indicative vs. Subjunctive, dependent on the temporal relationship of the temporal clauses (protasis) before, at the same time and after the main clause. If there is a relation of before or simultaneity, then only the indicative would appear, whereas in the case of postponement, only the subjunctive would appear. This exclusively syntactic ordering principle, which is determined by the lexical meaning of the conjunctions, conjunciones temporales , which preceded the subordinate clause , dissolved in the Spanish language in favor of a contextual solution. The indicative is found in contexts with a temporal or aspect-related relationship to the present or the past, whereas the subjunctive is used in contexts of the future. Historically, the use mode triggered from the originally entrenched temporal relation between the main and (temporal) In addition to set in favor of a predominant in the Spanish decision between the entire sentence structure and the opening timing S .

The Participio pasado o perfecto instead of the temporal subordinate clause

With the participio pasado o perfecto (temporal) subordinate clauses can be shortened, they are then shown as participle constructions. A distinction is made between an absolute partial construction , construcción de participio absoluto, and a connected partial construction , construcción de participio conjunto . In the former, the participle does not - with a few exceptions - refer to the subject of the main clause (apodosis), but it has its own subject. This subject usually comes after the participle, participio pasado . In the case of participle constructions used to shorten subordinate clauses, the participle refers to the noun in the subordinate clause (protasis); there is an absolute partial clause construction.

Construcción de participio conjunto :

No me gustaría estar en una unidad de mando servido por él. Nicht mir würde es gefallen in einer Kommonadoeinheit zu dienen für ihn.

Construcción de participio absoluto :

Terminado la batalla, nos fuimos corriendo al refugio subterráneo. Als die Schlacht beendet war, rannten wir in unsere Unterstände. Participo pasado + Pasiva con ser o pasiva de proceso (Vorgangspassiv)
 Muerto el soldado, se acabó la guerra. Toter Soldat, der Krieg ist vorbei. Ist der Soldat tot, ist der Krieg vorbei. Participo pasado + Pretérito indefinido de indicativo
 Muerta la soldada, se acabó la guerra. Tote Soldatin, der Krieg ist vorbei. Ist die Soldatin tot, ist der Krieg vorbei. Participo pasado + Pretérito indefinido de indicativo
 Venida la noche, todos durmieron al raso o en la gruta. Kommende Nacht, alle sie schliefen schon im Freien oder in der Grotte. Participo pasado + Pretérito indefinido de indicativo

With the participle constructions it is important to preserve the congruence in the (Spanish) sentence, so the original participle, participio pasado “venido” became the form “venida”. If the participles have to be congruent in number and gender , concordancia gramatical , and then the corresponding participle form has to be formed. This absolute participle construction requires an adverbial subordinate clause when translating into German. Because these participle constructions do not exist in this form in German. They are similar to the ablativus absolutus in the Latin language. In the case of a temporal subordinate clause, the participle, participio pasado, describes an event in an action that precedes that of the main clause. This fact can be reinforced by an adverb or an adverbial expression or a preposition .

literature

Alexandre Veiga, Manuel Mosteiro Louzao: El modo verbal en cláusulas condicionales, causales, consecutivas, concesivas, finales y adverbiales de lugar, tiempo y modo. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2006, ISBN 84-7800-407-6

Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal clauses in French and Spanish: An empirical study. Vol. 289, European University Papers - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9

Hans Reichenbach : Elements of Symbolic Logic. . Macmillan Co., New York 1947

Alfonso Zamorano Aguilar: Las "proposiciones adverbiales" en las gramáticas del español (1953-1994). Caracterización historiográfica y revisión crítica. VERBA, ISSN 0210-377X , 2004, vol. 31: 305-324

Web links

Remarks

↑ in the terminology of Koschmieder time level reference (absolute time)
↑ in the terminology of Koschmieder time direction reference (relative time)
↑ Prematurity is given when the events in the subordinate clause (protasis ) take place or continue before the main clause (apodosis)
↑ Simultaneity is given when the events in the main and subordinate clauses run simultaneously .
↑ posteriority is when the events, event in the subordinate clause (protasis) after passing the main set (Apodosis)
↑ sometimes referred to as participio pasivo ; they usually penetrate with the extensions -ado and - ido formed the at the stem are attached to the verb. Exceptions have to be considered.

Individual evidence

^ Temporal sentences - Las oraciones temporales. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu

↑ ^a ^b Elena Santillán: Spanish Morphosyntax. A study book for teaching, learning and practicing. Narr, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8233-6980-6 , p. 94

↑ Rocío Lineros Quintero: Teoría sintáctica: Las proposiciones subordinadas adverbiales. contraclave.org

↑ Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal sentences of French and Spanish: An empirical investigation. Vol. 289, Europäische Hochschulschriften - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9 , p. 236

↑ José Álvaro Port Dapena: Del indicativo al subjuntivo. Valores y usos de los modos del verbo. Arco Libros, SL, Madrid 1991, ISBN 84-7635-093-7 , p. 183.

↑ Connectors with temporal meaning-temporal conjunctions. Justo Fernández López

↑ Claudia Moriena; Karen Genschow: Great Spanish learning grammar: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , p. 589.

↑ Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 219.

^ ^A ^b Hans Reichenbach: Elements of Symbolic Logic. Macmillan Co., New York 1947.

↑ Martin Becker: The Ingredients of the Roman Imperfect ( Memento of the Original from January 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF.) In: Günther Grewendorf, Arnim von Stechow (Ed.): Linguistic reports. Issue 221. Helmut Buske, Hamburg 2010, ISSN 0024-3930 , pp. 79-108. @1@ 2

↑ Ángeles Carrasco Gutiérrez: Reichenbach y los tiempos verbales del español. Dicenda. Cuadernos de Filología Hispánica 12, 69-86 (1994), ISSN-e 1988-2556

↑ Martin Becker: The Ingredients of the Roman Imperfect ( Memento of the Original from January 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF.) In: Günther Grewendorf, Arnim von Stechow (Ed.): Linguistic reports. Issue 221., Helmut Buske, Hamburg 2010, ISSN 0024-3930 , pp. 79-108. @1@ 2

↑ Manuel Pérez Saldana: El modo en las subordinadas relativas y adverbiales. In Ignacio Bosque, Violeta Demonte (ed.): Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. 3rd Vol., Librería Tirant Lo Blanch, Madrid 1999, pp. 3253-3323

↑ Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal sentences of French and Spanish: An empirical investigation. Vol. 289, Europäische Hochschulschriften - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9 , pp. 235–237

↑ Claudia Moriena, Karen Genschow: Great learning grammar Spanish: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , pp. 432-433

[4] the terminology of Koschmieder time level reference (absolute time)

[5] the terminology of Koschmieder time direction reference (relative time)

[8] Prematurity is given when the events in the subordinate clause (protasis ) take place or continue before the main clause (apodosis)

[9] Simultaneity is given when the events in the main and subordinate clauses run simultaneously .

[10] posteriority is when the events, event in the subordinate clause (protasis) after passing the main set (Apodosis)

[20] sometimes referred to as participio pasivo ; they usually penetrate with the extensions -ado and - ido formed the at the stem are attached to the verb. Exceptions have to be considered.

[1] Temporal sentences - Las oraciones temporales. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu

[Santillan_S94-2] Elena Santillán: Spanish Morphosyntax. A study book for teaching, learning and practicing. Narr, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8233-6980-6 , p. 94

[3] Rocío Lineros Quintero: Teoría sintáctica: Las proposiciones subordinadas adverbiales. contraclave.org

[6] Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal sentences of French and Spanish: An empirical investigation. Vol. 289, Europäische Hochschulschriften - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9 , p. 236

[7] José Álvaro Port Dapena: Del indicativo al subjuntivo. Valores y usos de los modos del verbo. Arco Libros, SL, Madrid 1991, ISBN 84-7635-093-7 , p. 183.

[11] Connectors with temporal meaning-temporal conjunctions. Justo Fernández López

[12] Claudia Moriena; Karen Genschow: Great Spanish learning grammar: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , p. 589.

[13] Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 219.

[Reichenbach-14] A ^b Hans Reichenbach: Elements of Symbolic Logic. Macmillan Co., New York 1947.