Imperativo
The Imperativo also modo imperativo ( Latin [modus] imperativus , from imperare , command '; Eng. Command form ) is a mode of the verb . It is primarily used for requests and orders , reminders, regulations or advice and invitations, but also permits . The imperativo therefore does not serve to make statements, but to express a particular speech act . The imperativo most closely characterizes a concept of action that is to be implemented by the addressee according to the will of the speaker or the subject making the promises . It represents a request to act or, on the contrary, a prohibition to act. It is therefore not used for making statements , but for expressing a specifically intended speech act. This results in the frequent use of the Spanish imperative in the second person singular , so tú and plural , so vosotros .
The Spanish modes (overview)
The mode enables the speaker to present his or her subjective attitude to the matter to be said or, according to Jacob Wackernagel, to describe the relationship between activity and reality (see also Possible World ).
- Indicative , modo indicativo . He posits the action or event as real . Objective attitude, action as part of the perceived (linguistic) reality.
The other modes are:
- Subjunctive , modo subjuntivo He sets the action as possible . Subjective attitude to verbal expressions of uncertainty and desire.
- Conditional , (modo) condicional He sees the action as conditioned .
- Imperative , modo imperativo He sets the action as ordered . Encouraging, commanding attitude.
The modes reflect the subjective attitude, conditionality, i.e. connections between objects and the representations in human consciousness as well as the request. The American linguist Matte (1988) relates the individual modes to cognitive processes , more precisely to a different degree of abstraction that they displayed or triggered by being different from one another. According to their degree of abstraction, he arranged the modes as follows:
- Indicative,
- Imperative,
- Conjunctive,
- Conditional,
- Infinitive.
According to his considerations, the indicative is at the lowest level of abstraction, it represents reality and allows the speaker to classify the facts in time. The imperative would express the will of the speaker and would be closer to the “timeless” modes (subjunctive, conditional, infinitive) than the clearly “time-bound” indicative. For this reason, the imperative would be viewed as a bridge between the indicative and the subjunctive. The subjunctive would be at a further, higher level of abstraction, which, like the imperative, expresses the will (commands, wishes, conditions, requests), but also formulates a number of other modalities, such as subjectivity (in judgments, opinions, convictions, Wishes, etc.) and doubts. After all, the infinitive, as the non-inflected verb form, has the highest degree of abstraction. He names different types of verbal processes in an abstract way, detached from any temporal reference and thus resembles the noun.
Since the imperative expresses the will of the speaker at the time of the speech, it refers to the immediate or distant future. This means that it has more in common with the "timeless" modes of subjunctive, conditional and infinitive.
According to Gabriele Diewald (1999) the modes of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative are deictic categories through which a speaker evaluates the "factual value" of the verbalized and thus represented factual situation. She sees an “origo-inclusive level or factual level” of the modality in the indicative; it sees the events that are verbalized in the same realm of factuality as the Origo, the reference point of deixis. The imperative and the subjunctive, on the other hand, represent the "origo-exclusive or non-factual level" the speaker sees the verbalized events, facts not presented in the same area of factuality as the origo.
Formation and use of the Spanish imperativo
The Spanish imperative is formed from the verb purely grammatical- morphologically . In principle, one differentiates between the affirmative imperative, imperativo positivo o afirmativo, and the negative imperative, imperativo negativo . - Examples:
¡Orad conmigo! Betet mit mir! ¡No hable conmigo! Nicht Sie sprechen mit mir! ¡Hable con ella! Sprechen Sie mit ihr! ¡Dame el coche! Gib mir das Auto!
In the German language, no distinction is made between the two forms of the imperative. - example:
(Ihr) hört! und (Ihr) hört nicht!
The Spanish Imperativo afirmativo o positivo
The imperativo can be formed in all but the first person singular, primera persona :
| Infinitivo | Personal pronouns in the nominative | Verbs ending in -ar | Verbs ending in -er | Verbs ending in -ir |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tú; él, ella, usted; nosotros, -as; vosotros, -as; ellos, ellas, ustedes | -a; -e; -emos; -ad; -en | -e; -a; -amos; -ed; -on | -e; -a; -amos; -id; -on | |
| habl ar | habl -a ; habl -e ; habl -emos ; habl -ad ; habl -en | |||
| tú corresponds to third person presente de indicativo ; él; ella, usted corresponds to third person singular subjuntivo presente ; nosotros corresponds to first person plural subjuntivo presente ; vosotros corresponds to the infinitivo and replaces the ending -r with -d ; ellos, ellas, ustedes corresponds to third person plural subjuntivo presente | ||||
| aprend he | aprend -a ; aprend -e ; aprend -emos ; aprend -ed ; aprend -en | |||
| tú corresponds to third person presente de indicativo ; él; ella, usted corresponds to third person singular subjuntivo presente ; nosotros corresponds to first person plural subjuntivo presente ; vosotros corresponds to the infinitivo and replaces the ending -r with -d ; ellos, ellas, ustedes corresponds to third person plural subjuntivo presente | ||||
| viv ir | viv -e ; viv -a ; viv -amos ; viv -id ; viv -an | |||
| tú corresponds to third person presente de indicativo ; él; ella, usted corresponds to third person singular subjuntivo presente ; nosotros corresponds to first person plural subjuntivo presente ; vosotros corresponds to the infinitivo and replaces the ending -r with -d ; ellos, ellas, ustedes corresponds to third person plural subjuntivo presente |
The third persons, i.e. singular, tercera persona del singular or plural, tercera persona del plural des imperativos afirmativos correspond in their conjugation forms to the same persons in the subjuntivo presente . The first person plural, primera persona del plural des imperativos afirmativos corresponds to the first person plural des subjuntivo presente . In the second person plural, segunda persona del plural , the ending of the corresponding infinitivo is exchanged, i.e. the ending -r is replaced by -d . With the irregular verbs , verbo irregular in Spanish, the formation of the affirmed imperative for the second person singular, segunda persona del singular, results in a word stem change or shortening. - Examples:
Infinitivo decir Imperativo afirmativo di Infinitivo ir Imperativo afirmativo ve Infinitivo tener Imperativo afirmativo ten
Memories :
- "The 2nd person of the command is the 3rd person of the present." The imperativo of the second person singular ( tú ) is basically with the presente de indicativo form of the third person singular él; ella, usted identical.
- "The duz form of the command is the 3rd person of the present."
- "The 3rd person of the command is the 3rd person of the possibility in the present." For the third person singular or plural ( Ud./Uds ) the respective form of the third person of the subjuntivos presente is used.
- "The Siez form of the command is the 3rd person of possibility in the present."
The use of the object pronoun in the imperativo afirmativo
If you utter the imperative in the singular, i.e. for a person being addressed, it is in the duz form . - example:
¡Lávate! Wasch dich!
Is addressed to a single person in the Siez form . - example:
¡Lávese! Waschen Sie sich!
If you address several people, it says in the duz form :
¡Lavaos! Wascht Euch!
and for the Siez form :
¡Lávense! Waschen Sie!
If an object pronoun is added:
¡Lávate los pies! Wasch dir deine Füße! wird zu ¡Lávatelas! Wasch sie dir!
If two object pronouns are used, but they are not used reflexively, it says:
¡Lávale el cuello! Wasch ihm den Hals!
When replacing “el cuello”, the indirect object le or les becomes a se that can be used for both singular and plural .
¡Lávaselo! Wasch ihn ihm!
If direct object pronouns (accusative in the case terminology ) are used in the use of the imperativo afirmativo , these are always appended to the “imperatively modified verb”. - Examples:
¡Compra la camisa! wird zu ¡Cómprala! Kauf das Hemd! Kauf es! ¡Tome el vino tinto! wird zu ¡Tómelo! Trinken Sie den Rotwein! Trinken Sie ihn!
But also the indirect object pronouns (indirect object, dative in case terminology) are added. - Examples:
¡Mirad a mí! wird zu ¡Miradme! Schaut mich an! ¡Pregunte a él! wird zu ¡Pregúntele! Fragen Sie ihn!
If both the direct and indirect object pronouns are used together in a sentence, both are appended to the verb, whereby an order must be observed. So the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct one. Please also note that the indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronoun lo , los , la , and las are transformed to se . - Examples:
Tú compra a él la camisa. ¡Cómprasela! Du kauf für ihn das Hemd. Kauf es ihm!
The Spanish imperativo negativo
The negative imperative is used to pronounce negative requests, orders, regulations, reminders etc. in Spanish or to make them verbal. - Examples:
¡No comas! Nicht du essest! ¡No veáis las películas de superhéroes! Ihr schaut nicht Superheldenfilme an! ¡No vengas nunca más por aquí! Nicht du kommest niemals mehr hier her!
Motto:
- "All respective persons who refuse to command change to the associated persons of possibility in the present." In the negative imperative, imperativo negativo , the corresponding subjuntivo presente is always used in all persons .
¡Haz los deberes! Tue deine Aufgaben! im Gegensatz zu ¡No hagas tonterías! Nicht du tuest etwas Dummes! Mach deine Aufgaben! Mach keine Dummheiten!
Both forms of affirmative and negative imperative are the same in German. Therefore, increased attention is required, because a simple change, as in German, from the affirmative to the negative imperative is not possible. There is also the problem that the "(object) pronoun rule" is not followed.
| Personal pronouns | Imperativo afirmativo | Imperativo negativo corresponds to the presente de subjuntivo |
|---|---|---|
| yo | - | - |
| tú | compra | no compres |
| él, ella, usted | compre | no compre |
| nosotros | compremos | no compremos |
| vosotros | comprad | no compréis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | compren | no compren |
| Personal pronouns | Imperativo afirmativo | Imperativo negativo corresponds to the presente de subjuntivo |
|---|---|---|
| yo | - | - |
| tú | th | no tengas |
| él, ella, usted | tenga | no tenga |
| nosotros | tengamos | no tengamos |
| vosotros | tened | no tengáis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | tengan | no tengan |
| Personal pronouns | Imperativo afirmativo | Imperativo negativo corresponds to the presente de subjuntivo |
|---|---|---|
| yo | - | - |
| tú | vive | no vivas |
| él, ella, usted | viva | no viva |
| nosotros | vivamos | no vivamos |
| vosotros | vivid | no viváis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | vivan | no vivan |
The use of the object pronoun in the imperativo negativo
In the negative imperative, imperativo negativo , the pronoun is placed in front of the verb, the order as described in the case of the imperativbo afirmativo remains the same; first the indirect and then the direct object pronoun. There is no appending - the words are all separated. - Examples:
No me des el coche. No lo traigas. Nicht mir gebest das Auto. Nicht es du bringest. No me compres la libro. No me lo compres. Nicht mir du kaufest das Buch. Nicht mir es kaufest.
In the negative imperative, the pronouns come before the verb. - Examples:
¡No me compres! Nicht mir du kaufest! ¡No se lo digas a Juana! Nicht ihr es du sagest zu Juana!
Reflexive verbs and the different forms of the imperative
With a reflexive verb , the speaker describes an action or activity of a subject (of the speaker) that relates to him (or him / her) himself or, in other words, whose action falls back on the subject or is directed. Reflexivity is a special case of the direction of action of a verb ( diathesis ) .
Subject and reflexive pronouns, pronombres reflexivos denote one and the same person.
In Spanish, the reflexive verbs, verbos reflexivos, are accompanied by reflexive pronouns . A distinction must be made between real reflexive verbs and verbs used reflexively. The reflexive verbs are formed by adding -se to the infinitive. - example:
lavarse sich waschen
In order to conjugate a reflexive verb, you have to add the corresponding reflexive pronoun. For example, Lavarse is conjugated as follows:
| Personal pronouns | Verbo reflexivo |
|---|---|
| yo | me lavo |
| tú | te lavas |
| él, ella, usted | se lava |
| nosotros | nos lavamos |
| vosotros | os laváis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | se lavan |
In the affirmative imperative, imperativo afirmativo , the reflexive pronouns, pronombres reflexivos are appended to the end of the verb; It should be noted that for the first and second person plural, primera y segunda persona del plural :
-s der Endung -mos in der ersten Person Plural, primera persona del plural wegfällt. – Beispiele: lavémonos waschen wir uns perdámonos verlaufen wir uns -d der zweiten Person Plural, segunda persona del plural vor -os wegfällt. lavaos wascht euch perdeos verlauft euch
| Personal pronouns | imperativo afirmativo | Imperativo negativo corresponds to the presente de subjuntivo |
|---|---|---|
| yo | - | - |
| tú | lávate | no te laves |
| él, ella, usted | lávase | no se lave |
| nosotros | lavémonos | no nos lavemos |
| vosotros | lavaos | no os lavéis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | lávense | no se lavan |
| Personal pronouns | imperativo afirmativo | Imperativo negativo corresponds to the presente de subjuntivo |
|---|---|---|
| yo | - | - |
| tú | piérdete | no te pierdas |
| él, ella, usted | piérdase | no se pierda |
| nosotros | perdámonos | no nos perdamos |
| vosotros | perdeos | no os perdáis |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | piérdanse | no se pierdan |
In the negative imperative, imperativo neagtivo , the reflexive pronouns stand between the negative particle no and the respective verb form. - Examples:
No te laves. Nicht dich waschest du . No nos lavemos. Nicht uns waschen wir.
No te pierdas Nicht dich verlaufest du. No os perdáis. Nicht euch verlaufet ihr.
Web links
- Norbert Fries: Online Lexicon Linguistics
- Subjuntivo presente. hs-furtwangen.de, p. 2
- Spanish / Verbs / Imperative. de.wikibooks.org
Remarks
- ↑ "The 3rd person of the command is the 3rd person of the possibility in case of simultaneity or later ."
- ↑ When forming the Subjuntivo de presente , the 1st person singular indicative serves as the basis. During conjugation, the characteristic personal endings are exchanged. Thus the verbs ending in -ar get an -e and the verbs ending -er and -ir get an -a as an ending. - Example: lavar 1st person singular indicative lavo Exchange -ar against -er. Hence: 3 person singular subjunctive leve , which is equal to the 3rd person singular of the imperative.
- ↑ Compare indirect object (dative), complemento indirecto ; the case of "the static state or the description of the location, the owner and the recipient"
- ↑ Compare direct object (accusative), complemento directo ; the case of "movement and targeted, dynamic events"
- ↑ "For all respective persons who refuse to command, they are assigned to all persons with the possibility of simultaneity or later."
- ↑ always with a reflexive pronoun
- ↑ Exception irse to íos .
Individual evidence
- ↑ The imperative - El imperativo. Justo Fernández López. hispanoteca.eu
- ↑ Hadumod Bußmann (Ed.): Lexicon of Linguistics. 3rd updated and expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-520-45203-0 , p. 293.
- ^ Klaus Brinker: Linguistics of text and conversation. Vol. 16, Edition 1 of Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science Series, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-11-013559-0 , p. 324
- ^ Edward J. Matte: French and English Verbal Systems. A Descriptive and Contrastive Synthesis. Peter Lang, New York 1988, ISBN 0-8204-0756-9 , p. 2; 165
- ^ Edouard J. Matte: Structures de la Pensée: Modes / Temps / Aspects / Modes de Procès en anglais et en français. Peter Lang, New York, San Francisco, Bern, Baltimore, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Vienna, Paris 1992, ISBN 978-0-8204-1880-3 .
- ↑ Gabriele Diewald : The modal verbs in German: grammaticalization and polyfunctionality (= Germanistic linguistics. Volume 208). Doctoral thesis at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 1998. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3-484-31208-4 (reprint: De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-094594-2 ).
- ↑ Gabriele Diewald: Deixis and types of text in German (= German Linguistics. Volume 118). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-484-31118-5 , p. 244 (reprint: De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 1991, ISBN 3-11-137640-0 ).
- ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 297-208.
- ↑ Margarita Görrissen: Practice Grammar. Spanish. Pons, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-12-561954-8 , pp. 150–157.
- ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göppingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 160-161.
- ↑ Reflexive pronoun and reflexive verb. Hispanoteca.eu
- ↑ José Vera-Morales: Spanish grammar. 5th edition. Oldenbourg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58645-9 , p. 259.
- ^ Marlene Carrillo Lopez: Caregivers' Perspectives on Self-Discipline, Honor, Obedience, Character and Knowledge (SHOCK) Program California State University, San Bernardino 2012