Cakavian
The Čakavian [ tʃaˈkaːviʃə ] (Croatian čakavština ) is a South Slavic dialect spoken in Croatia . Like Kajkavic and in contrast to Štokavian , Čakavian is native to that region and - with the exception of the varieties of Burgenland, where there is an independent Burgenland-Croatian written language based mainly on čakavian - is completely covered by the standard Croatian language .
The term Čakavian comes from the question word ča (German was ) used in this dialect - in contrast to the kajkavic kaj and the štokavian što / šta . In addition to its inherited phonetic and morphosyntactic features, Čakavian is characterized by its influence by Romance languages such as Italian , especially Venetian , especially in the coastal areas . In addition, the čakavian dialect has replaced the Romance language Dalmatian, which died out by the end of the 19th century, as the colloquial language in some areas .
distribution
The čakavian language area is almost exclusively limited to the Croatian coastal areas. It includes all of Istria on the north Croatian mainland , the coastal area around Rijeka to Novi Vinodolski and, as an enclave, the coastal town of Senj . Only here, east of Rijeka, does the čakavian-speaking area extend relatively far into the inland, in an easterly direction almost to Karlovac and from Ogulin in a southerly direction to Otočac and Brinje . In addition, all Croatian islands up to Mljet belong to the čakavian language area. Furthermore, čakavian is spoken in parts of the Dalmatian mainland, namely in and around Zadar , Trogir and Split as well as in the northwestern part of the Pelješac peninsula .
Most of the Croatian population in Austrian Burgenland also speaks čakavian varieties. These are the Burgenland Croats resident in the Güssing district and in the communities of Kohfidisch and Deutsch Schützen-Eisenberg in the Oberwart district .
Languages in the direct vicinity of the Chakavian distribution area are (in addition to the Štokavischen and Kajkavian) the Italian ( Venetian ) which Istriotische that Istrorumänische and the Slovenian .
Dialects
Like Štokavian, Čakavian can be divided into Ekavian , ikavian and Ijekavian dialects according to the reflex of the ancient Slavic vowel Jat ; there are also Ekavian-Ikavian dialects in which the Jat reflex varies between e and i depending on the phonetic context .
Icavian Čakavian: in the entire Cakavian Dalmatia , except on the islands of Pag and Lastovo ( Split , Trogir , Omiš , Korčula , Zadar ), in northwestern Istria ( Umag , Novigrad , Poreč ) and in the čakavian inland area south of Josipdol ( Otočac );
Ikavian Čakavisch-Štokavisch: in the southwest of Istria ( Pula , Rovinj , Vodnjan ) and in the village of Vodice on the border with Slovenia ;
Ekavian Čakavian: in the east of Istria ( Pazin , Labin ), in the northern coastal area of the Primorje-Gorski kotar County ( Rijeka , Opatija ) and on the island of Cres ;
Ekavisch-Ikavisch Čakavisch: on the islands in Krk , Rab , Lošinj , Pag and the neighboring smaller islands, in the southern coastal area of the Primorje-Gorski kotar County ( Crikvenica , Novi Vinodolski ), in Senj and in the inland between Rijeka and Karlovac ( Gacka , Brinje , Vrbovsko , Ogulin , Duga Resa );
Ekavian Čakavian: on Lastovo
history
The Romansh, especially Venetian, influence on Čakavian is among other things the result of the centuries-old political, economic and cultural influence of Venice on the coastal area of today's Croatia .
Already at the time of the Croatian kingdoms around 1000 AD, Venice ruled over important parts of Istria , the Croatian islands and the coast around Zadar , Trogir and Split. Neither Hungary , Austria , the Ottoman Empire nor any other power could break the expansion and consolidation of Venetian rule in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia until the end of the 18th century. Venice was not occupied by Napoleon until 1797 and in 1805 it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy , a puppet state of Napoleon. From 1809 the čakavian areas belonged directly to the French Empire as part of the Illyrian provinces . The Congress of Vienna in 1815 led to the annexation of all čakavian-speaking areas to the Austrian Empire . After the First World War and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , it was not possible to integrate all the čakavian areas into the newly founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929 ). Instead, significant parts of the čakavian-speaking area (Istria, Rijeka, Zadar, Cres , Lošinj and Lastovo ) were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy . During the Second World War, the čakavian-speaking area was almost united by the Italian annexations in Yugoslavia. Only the islands of Brač , Hvar and Pag and the inland areas in the north become part of fascist Croatia ( Independent State of Croatia ). It was only after the Second World War that the formerly Italian territories were assigned to what was now socialist Yugoslavia and incorporated into the Republic of Croatia.
Although a large number of Italian-speaking residents emigrated at the time, Italian still plays a not insignificant role, especially in Istria and the northern islands.
Čakavian vocabulary
Here are some examples of čakavic words with their translation into the standard Croatian language and, if applicable, their Slavic etymology.
- Pillow: čak. kušin , stood. Croat. jastuk (although this word is borrowed from Turkish) ,
Here are some examples of special čakavic words with their translation into the Croatian standard language and possibly their origin in Italian or Venetian.
- Tomato: čak. pomidor / pomidora , stood. Croat. rajčica , Italian pomodoro
- Brassiere: čak. ređipet , stood. Croat. grudnjak , Italian reggipetto
- Cucumber: čak. kukumar , stood. Croat. krastavac , venetian. cogoma
- Screwdriver: čak. kacavida , stand.kroat. odvijač , venetian. cassavide , Italian cacciavite
- Closet: čak. poor run , stood. Croat. ormar , venetian. armaron , Italian armadio
- Sheet : čak. lancun , stood. Croat. plahta , ital. lenzuolo
- condescend: čak. kalat ' , stood. Croat. spustiti , ital. calare
- Fork: čak. pirun / perun , croat. vilica , venetian. piron (stand. Ital. forchetta )
- Bean: čak. fažol , croat. grah , venetian. fasiol , Italian fagiolo