Balkan Romance languages
Balkan Romance languages | ||
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Spoken in |
Balkans | |
Linguistic classification |
Balkan Romansh is a collective term for the Romance languages spoken in the Balkans (in the broader sense) today and in the past . The structure of the Romance languages, especially in the traditional eastern distribution area, remains controversial. Depending on the point of view, the Balkan Romance languages only represent a geographical breakdown or a closer relationship. The Balkan Romance languages belong to the so-called Eastern Romance languages according to various classifications , as a purely geographical grouping, together with Italian south of the La Spezia-Rimini line or as part of a threefolding alongside Western Romania and Italoromania. In the latter case, the position of the Dalmatian languages between Romanian and Italo-Romansh remains ambivalent. With reference to the Romanist Angelo Monteverdi , the Balkan Romance languages can also be called Dako-Illyrian Romania
Affiliation
For Balkan Romania include:
- in the narrower sense (see classification under Romance languages ) as Eastern Romance languages :
- the Romanian languages (whose speakers are also called Wallachians ) with the following languages, which are said to have developed from a common proto- Romanian language :
- Dacoromanian ( standardized : Romanian , also called
- Aromanian (also called "Macedorumanian")
- Istror-Romanian
- Megleno-Romanian
- the Romanian languages (whose speakers are also called Wallachians ) with the following languages, which are said to have developed from a common proto- Romanian language :
- the Dalmatian languages that died out in the 19th century (Dalmatoromanisch), including their subgroups:
- Dalmat (in) isch (many researchers use this as an umbrella term for the entire group)
- Ragusa (mostly subordinate to Dalmatian as the city dialect of Dubrovnik / Ragusa )
- Vegliotic (mostly as an island dialect of Krk / Veglia subordinate to Dalmatian)
- all Romance languages spoken in the Balkans since the fall of the Roman Empire , including among others
- Venetian as the language of the office in the Venetian possessions on the Adriatic coast as well as z. T. as colloquial (still today as an istro-Venetian dialect ) and standard language . It is an Italo-Romance language .
- Istrian , a transitional form between the Dalmato and Italo-Roman languages.
- Jewish Spanish or Spanish , the language of the Jews who immigrated from Spain during the Ottoman period , spoken mainly in Wallachia , Thrace and Macedonia ( Thessaloniki ) before the Second World War . It is an Ibero-Romance language .
Not being counted in the Balkans Romania Italian , the language variants of the south La Spezia-Rimini Line nevertheless be counted among the "Eastern Romance languages" and share with the Balkan Romance languages different characteristics. Furthermore, Friulian and the Romance languages of the groups that immigrated to the Balkan countries only in the later modern period, such as e. B. French or Walloon in individual settlements in the Banat , as well as Italians in Romania .
Text example, text comparison
Latin | Dalmatian | Dacoromanian | Aromatic | Istror-Romanian |
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Pater noster, qui es in caelis | Tuota nuester, che te sante intel sil, | Tatăl nostru care ești în ceruri, | Tată a nostru care ești în țeru, | Ciace nostru car le ști en cer, |
sanctificetur noun tuum; | sait santificuot el naun to. | sființească-Se numele Tău. | s-aisească numa a Ta. | neca se sveta nomelu teu. |
Adveniat regnum tuum. | Vigna el raigno to. | Vie Împărăția Ta. | S-yină amiraliea a Ta. | Neca venire craliestvo to. |
Fiat voluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra | Sait fuot la voluntuot toa, coisa in sil, coisa in tiara. | Facă-se voia Ta, precum în cer, aşa și pe pământ. | S-facă vrearea a Ta, ași cumu în țeru, ași și pisti locu. | Neca fie volia ta, cum en cer, așa și pre pemint. |
Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie. | Duote costa dai el pun nuester cotidiun. | Pâinea noastră cea de toate zilele dă-ne-o nouă astăzi. | Pânea a noastră ațea di tute dzâlele dă-nă o nau adzâ. | Pera nostre saca zi de nam astez. |
Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, | E remetiaj le nuestre debete, | și ne iartă nouă păcatele noastre, | și nă li liartă amărtilili noastre | Odproste nam dutzan, |
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. | coisa nojiltri remetiaime ai nuestri debetuar. | precum și noi iertăm greșiților noștri. | ași cumu li liartămu și noi unu a altui. | ca și noi odprostim a lu nostri dutznici. |
Et ne nos inducas in temptationem; | A naun ne menur in tentatiaun, | și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită, | și nu nă du pri noi la cârtire, | Neca nu na tu vezi en napastovanie, |
sed libera nos a malo. | miu deleberiajne dal mal. | ci ne mântuieşte de cel rău. | ma nă aveagli di ațelu arău. | neca na zbăveşte de zvaca slabe. |
Balkan romance in the narrower sense
Balkan language federation
The Balkan Romania includes ostromanische languages that are conservative in many features than other Romance languages (here with the specific exceptions of the Portuguese and Sardinian ). The Balkan Romance belongs to the Balkansprachbund , ie many internal similarities, as well as similarities with surrounding non-Romance languages in sentence structure, idioms, word order and z. Partly also vocabulary, go back to external historical influence. - The main determinants here were:
- the influence of Slavic as the language of the Slavic, rural population in the Balkans, as well as in the form of Old Church Slavonic , the former applies equally to Romanian and Dalmatian
- the influence of Greek as a standard theological language and as the language of the Byzantine Empire , this is less true of Dalmatian
- the influence of Turkish in its older form as the language of the Turks in the Ottoman Empire , this is less true of Dalmatian
Linguistic history
The history of Balkan Romance begins with Latin . From the 2nd century BC onwards, in the course of the Roman expansion in the Balkans, starting from the Adriatic coast, populations from Italy settled here, mainly from southern Italy. In fact, both the Romanian languages and the non-Romanic Albanian in their vocabulary still show closer connections to southern Italian dialects.
Already in Roman times (isolated) words from the autochthonous languages of the pre-Roman population were apparently taken up, for example from Illyrian into later Dalmatian and from Dacian or Thracian into the Romanian languages (cf. Romanians , Dako-Roman continuity theory ). Slavic immigration to the Balkan countries from the 4th to 6th centuries left much more lasting traces in the languages of Balkan Romance. While Dalmatian as the language of the v. a. While the remaining urban Romance population on the Adriatic coast and on the Adriatic islands was under the influence of the preforms of Croatian and Serbo-Croatian , the Romanian languages were influenced by various Slavic idioms in the Balkans. An exception is Aromanian , as there are no Slavic influences here, but there are numerous Greek influences.
See also
literature
- Filipi Goran: Situazione linguistica istro-quarnerina. In: Ricerche sociali. 1, 1989, ISSN 0353-474X , pp. 73-83.
- Thede Kahl (Ed.): The Romanian and its neighbors. Contributions of the section “Language Change and Language Contact in Southeast Romania” on XXX. German Romance Day. Frank and Timme, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86596-195-2 ( Forum: Romania 2).
- Johannes Kramer: Greek Structures in Balkan Romance. In: Balkan Archives. 17/18, 1992/1993, ISSN 0170-8007 , pp. 71-80.
- Johannes Kramer: La romanità balcanica. In: Actes du XVIIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes. Volume 1: Section 1. Romania submersa. Section 2. Romania nova. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1992, ISBN 3-484-50221-5 , pp. 58-75.
- Miloš Okuka (Ed.): Lexicon of the Languages of the European East. Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt et al. 2002, ISBN 3-85129-510-2 ( Wieser Encyclopedia of the East of Europe, Volume 10), online .
Web links
- Linguistics Online: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: classification of Romance languages ) ( Flash ; 78 kB)
- Christian Lehmann : Structure of the Romance Languages ( christianlehmann.eu )
- Elisabeth Burr: Classification of Romance Languages. University of Leipzig ( uni-leipzig.de )
Individual evidence
- ^ Elisabeth Burr : Classification of the Romance Languages. ( uni-leipzig.de ).
- ^ Arthur Beyrer , Klaus Bochmann , Siegfried Bronsert : Grammar of the Romanian language of the present. VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1987, p. 15.
- ^ Outline by Elisabeth Burr: Classification of Romance Languages , ( uni-leipzig.de ). Point 4 with reference to Carlo Tagliavini .
- ↑ Daco-Illiro-Romanzo by Elisabeth Burr: classification of the Romance languages. ( uni-leipzig.de ). Point 4.
- ^ Arthur Beyrer, Klaus Bochmann, Siegfried Bronsert: Grammar of the Romanian language of the present. VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1987, p. 20.