Furlanic language

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Friulian, Friulian, Furlanic

Spoken in

ItalyItaly Italy
speaker 600,000 (2015)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Italy Officially recognized as a minority language in Italy (according to Law 482/1999)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

For

ISO 639-3

For

The Furlanische or Friulian or Friulian (Friulian furlan , Italian Friulano ) is a Romance language . Furlanic is spoken by around 600,000 people in Friuli, Italy , and is recognized there as the regional official and school language. It is used as a literary language.

According to some researchers, Furlanic forms the group of Rhaeto-Romanic languages with (Dolomite) Ladin and Graubünden Romance . However, this theory is still very controversial today (see Questione Ladina ).

Almost all speakers of Furlan are also proficient in Italian .

Most of the Slovenes living in the Gorizia area and members of the small German-speaking minority in Friuli also use Furlan as a second or third language alongside Slovenian or German and Italian .

history

The origins of Friulian are extremely unclear. One point of contention is the influence of the Latin spoken around Aquileia ; Some say that various characteristics were later adopted into Friulian. However, the inscriptions found in this area only indicate deviations from standard Latin, most of which were also common in the rest of the Roman Empire . The first inhabitants of Friuli were Celtic Carnians who immigrated to northern Italy , so it was in the region until the arrival of the Romans in 181 BC. Chr. A variety of the Celtic most widespread. The proportion of the Celtic substratum in modern Friulian vocabulary is small; only the place names often reveal Celtic origins (e.g. place names on “-acco” or “-icco”). The influence of Langobard is also very small, from which it can be concluded that Friulian developed around the year 1000 , around the same time as other dialects that split off from Standard Latin (see Vulgar Latin ). The first written records of Friulian can be found in administrative records from the 13th century . These records appear more frequently in the following century when the first literary evidence appears (for example the "Frammenti letterari").

Medieval language structure

Like Old French and Old Occitan , Old Friulian had a two-cusflexion . This had one case for the nominative and another for all other cases. This resulted in the following opposition:

Two-faced flexion
case Singular Plural
Casus rectus murs mur
Casus obliquus mur murs

In Old French, the opposition saw Rectus vs. Obliquus analogously from: murs / mur "the wall" / "the walls" (nominative), mur / murs "the wall" / "the walls" (dative). The Friulian of the 14th century still closely resembles Latin in vocabulary and is heavily Latinized in texts such as the Quaderno di Foncasio da Gemona (1336–37). There are forms here like ego for Neufriulian jo (dt. “I”), filius for Neufriulian fi (dt. “Son”) or that for Neufriulian di (dt. “Day”). The change a → e has also not yet taken place; there are forms such as glesia , chasa for neo-Riaulian glesie , cjase (“church” / “house”). The article is often lu and in the plural li , where today the standard il and i are. The fusion of article and preposition into article prepositions so typical of Friulian language has not yet been completed. For example, in the Registro dei Pelliciai di Udine (written between 1400 and 1430) there are forms such as in lo and in lu instead of Neufriulic intal (“in the”, “in”) etc. The written records, however, already underline the existence of the for that Friulian typical palatalization of / k / before / a /: Old Friulian la chasa for Neufrianul la cjase ("the house"). A similar palatalization can also be found in French.

Example of an old Friulian text ( Quaderno di Odorlico da Cividale , 1360 approx., Map 10r, printed in Vicario (2005: 104))

  1. Item si reçeuey ady viij d-auost
  2. di Ugulin a-non di Çuany di
  3. Blas marchis -x- di dinas
  4. in prisinço di ser Çuan nodà

La questione ladina

In 1871, the Romanist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli represented the idea of ​​a unity between Ladin , Graubünden Romance and Friulian. According to this theory, those three languages ​​belong to the same family, which in the past stretched from Switzerland via Muggia to Istria . Nowadays these three languages ​​can only be recognized as isolated islands. The linguist Francescato also claimed that until the 14th century the Venetian had many phonetic features in common with Friulian and Ladin.

The most common opinion today is that the languages ​​mentioned above originally belonged to the same family, but diverged centuries ago. In addition, there are many features that Ascoli regarded as typical Rhaeto-Romanic, but which also occur in northern Italian varieties .

The Questione Ladina is still controversial and has political implications.

Since 2001, the Regional Agency for the Friulian Language has been coordinating the activities to protect and promote the Friulian language in the region.

distribution

Italy

Nowadays Friulian is spoken mainly in the former provinces of Pordenone and Udine as well as in the Carnic Alps . It is also widespread in the former province of Gorizia and in the east of the Veneto region . In the past, however, Friulian was even more widespread, as it was also spoken in Trieste and Muggia .

Worldwide

Until the 1960s , Friuli was an area characterized by high poverty, which is why many residents emigrated to France , Belgium and Switzerland . Non-European emigration destinations were Canada , Australia , Argentina , Brazil , the USA and South Africa . There are also communities of Friulian emigrants (“Fogolâr furlan”) who want to maintain their traditions and especially the Friulian language.

Friulian speaking area.png

Literary testimonies

The first written documents of Friulian date back to the 13th century and are mostly of an economic or legal nature. Especially in the administrative area there are many examples where Latin and Friulian were used side by side. The first literary products consist of love poetry from the 14th century , which was probably inspired by the Dolce stil novo . The most famous work of this time is Piruç myò doç inculurit ("My sweet, colored pear"), which was written around 1380 by an anonymous author from Cividale del Friuli .

Original text Translation into modern Friulian
Piruç myò doç inculurit

quant yò chi viot, dut stoi ardit

Piruç mio dolç inculurît

cuant che jo ti viôt, dut o stoi ardît

Since there are only a few differences in the transmission, it can be assumed that the language has not developed excessively. Apart from obsolete words (e.g. dum (n) lo ), a modern Friulian speaker would have no problems understanding this poem.

The second important era of Friulian literature is the 16th century , although the language was superseded as the business language by Venetian Italian during this time and there is no Reformation and therefore also Counter-Reformation literature, which was formative for Romansh literature . The main character of this period is the author Ermes di Colorêt ; his oeuvre , in which he imitated Italian art poetry, comprises over 200 poems. In the 19th century, Friulian literature flourished again parallel to Italian dialect poetry . Pieri Zorut was particularly well known .

Even Pier Paolo Pasolini wrote lyrics in furlanischer language. In 1944 he founded an academy for the Friulian Language, which , Academiuta di lenga furlana from the opposition stance against fascism , but also out to the Catholic clergy , not only the use of the left as backward perceived dialect to leave.

Today is considered the most important representative of the Friulian literature Hans Kitzmüller that this also installed and marketed .

Phonology

Vowels

Long vowels are typical of Friulian, which in turn influences the Italian pronunciation of Friulians.

Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels, so that this quantitative difference results in minimal pairs. Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent.

lat (milk)
lât (gone)
f sharp (tight, close)
fîs (sons, children)
lus (luxury)
lûs (light)

The varieties of Friulian can be differentiated by how they deal with long vowels. In some varieties, for example, long vowels are diphthongized . The following graphic shows four words from the standard Friulian ( pît foot, sêt thirst, pôc a little, fûc fire) and their realization in four varieties. Monophthongs are marked blue and diphthongs are yellow.

west Codroipo Carnia Central
set [since] [set] [since] [set]
pît [whip] [whip] [pi: t] [pi: t]
pôc [pouk] [po: k] [pouk] [po: k]
fûc [fouk] [fouk] [fu: k] [fu: k]

Consonants

The list here describes the pronunciation of the Furlan language according to the official spelling. The following consonants and consonant combinations differ in their pronunciation from German:

c before e or i Tsch as in bye [⁠ tʃ ⁠]
c otherwise k bare [⁠ k ⁠]
ch k bare [⁠ k ⁠]
cj similar to tj in tja [⁠ c ⁠]
ç ch [⁠ tʃ ⁠]
g before e or i like in the jungle [⁠ dʒ ⁠]
g otherwise g as in good [⁠ g ⁠]
gh G [⁠ g ⁠]
gj like gy in Hungarian, similar to dj [⁠ ɟ ⁠]
gn nj like gn in campaign [⁠ ɲ ⁠]
H always mute
n at the end of the word like n in limp [⁠ ŋ ⁠]
p p bare [⁠ p ⁠]
r r rolled at the tip of the tongue [⁠ r ⁠]
s s voiceless [⁠ s ⁠]
s between two vowels s voiced [⁠ z ⁠]
's s voiced [⁠ z ⁠]
t t bare [⁠ t ⁠]
v w as in forest [⁠ v ⁠]
z depending on the word such as German z, z voiced or dsch [⁠ ts ⁠] , [⁠ dz ⁠] , [⁠ dʒ ⁠]

Double consonants (ll, rr etc.), as they are common in Italian, are almost non-existent in Friulian.

grammar

morphology

items

Friulian knows two grammatical genders , namely male and female . B. il mûr (the wall), la cjadree (the chair).

The articles come from the Latin pronouns illeg and unus :

Definite article
number Masculine Feminine
Singular il la
Plural i lis

Before a vowel, il and la can be abbreviated to l '. The form lu (<Latin illu ) for the masculine article, which is sometimes still heard, especially in the Alpine regions, is now considered out of date, but it is the historically older form. The indefinite article also has two grammatical genders in Friulian.

Indefinite article
Masculine U.N
Feminine une

These forms are those of standard Friulian. Local variants include el (North Friuli) or al (South and West Friuli) for the definite article masculine singular. There is (especially in North Friuli) also las or li instead of lis and le instead of la . The plural of the indefinite article uns , unis (which also occurs in Spanish, for example) is now considered out of date.

Nouns

As is the case in other Romance languages , Friulian nouns are divided into masculine and feminine.

Feminine

Most feminine nouns end in -e. (In contrast to French, this -e is also pronounced).

Examples

  • cjase = house
  • lune = moon
  • scuele = school

However, some feminine nouns end in a consonant, including the nouns derived from Latin with -zion.

  • man = hand
  • lezion = lesson (from Latin "lectio, -onis")
Masculine

Most masculine nouns end in a consonant or -i.

  • cjan = dog
  • gjat = cat
  • fradi = brother
  • libri = book

Some masculine nouns end in -e, such as B. sisteme (system) and problems (problem); these are usually words that have their roots in ancient Greek . However, one can also find assimilated forms such as problem or system .

Especially nowadays you can find loan words from Italian more and more often , such as B. treno , although the finale –o is extremely untypical of Friulian. Many of these words, however, adopt the Friulian plural on -s ( i.e. trenos ). This trend is met with resistance from many language purists who insist on using “real” Friulian words instead of the Italian versions. Often the final –o (as a kind of middle way) is simply left out, so that the noun ends in a consonant again ( tren ). This trend is consistently followed, especially in print media dominated by language purists.

Adjectives

The Friulian adjectives show gender and number congruence, so that four forms result for most adjectives; here the example brut (ugly):

declination
number Masculine Feminine
Singular brut brute
Plural bruts brutis

In northern varieties, the brutes form can also be found instead of the standard brutis form . The formation of the feminine form of an adjective follows some rules that are not always that simple.

  • in most cases it is enough to add -e ( curt , curte )
  • for adjectives ending in –c, the feminine form is –cje, –cje, –che, or –ghe
  • with adjectives ending in –f, the feminine form ends in –ve
  • with adjectives ending in –p the feminine form ends in –be
  • with adjectives ending in –t, the feminine form ends in –de

Rules for plural formation

Nouns ending in -e (regardless of whether they are masculine or feminine) take on the ending -is.

  • taule , taulis = table, tables
  • cjase , cjasis = house, houses
  • lune , lunis = moon, moons
  • scuele , scuelis = school, schools
  • sisteme , sistemis = system, systems

With almost all other nouns, the plural can be formed by adding -s.

  • man , mans = hand, hands
  • lezion , lezions = lesson, lessons
  • cjan , cjans = dog, dogs
  • gjat , gjats = cat, cats
  • fradi , fradis = brother, brothers
  • libri , libris = book, books
  • treno , trenos = train, trains
  • braç , braçs = arm, arms
  • guant , guants = glove, gloves

In some Friulian varieties there are many nouns whose final consonant falls silent when the plural s is added. For example, the plural of gjat is pronounced like gjas even though the spelling is gjats . Nouns with a final –ç (which is pronounced something like the German tsch ) also take the plural s, such as B. messaç / messaçs.

Exceptions

Masculine nouns ending in –l or –li form the plural by replacing these endings with –i.

  • cjaval , cjavai = horse, horses
  • fîl , fîi = thread, threads
  • cjapiel , cjapiei = hat, hats
  • cjaveli , cjavei = hair, hair
  • voli , voi = eye, eyes
  • zenoli , zenoi = knee, knee

Female nouns ending in -l form the plural regularly:

  • piel , piels = skin, skins
  • val , vals = valley, valleys

Some masculine nouns ending in -t form the plural by replacing the final -t with -cj.

  • dint , dincj = tooth, teeth
  • dut , ducj = everyone, everyone

Nouns ending in –s remain unchanged due to the plural formation:

  • vues = bone, bone
  • pes = fish, fish
  • mês = month, months

Pleonastic pronouns

A special characteristic of Friulian are pleonastic pronouns , which are never stressed in pronunciation. They are compulsory and appear in front of the verb in propositional sentences . In interrogative sentences and horticultural sentences , they are attached to the verb.

Declarative clause Question sentence Hortative set
I O -io -io
you do -tu -tu
he al -ial -ial
she e -ie -ie
we O -O -O
her O -O -O
she -a -O -O

An example: jo o lavori means “I work.”; lavorio jo? does "Am I working?"

Verbs

There are four conjugations in Friulian, which differ in the verb endings in the infinitive : –â, –ê, –i, –î. If these endings are removed, you get the stem that is used for the formation of the remaining forms. There are also some irregular verbs, the most common of which are jessi (to be), vê (to have), podê (can) and lâ (to go).

Verbs, present tense, declarative form
person fevelâ (to speak) lâ (go) jessi (to be)
Yo o fevel-i o v-oi o soi
Do do fevel-is tu v-âs do sês
Lui al fevel-e al va al è
Nô o fevel-ìn o l-in o sin
Vô o fevel-ais o v-ais (l-ais) o sês
Lôr a fevel-in a v-an a son

Adverbs

By adding the ending -mentri to the feminine form of an adjective, you get the corresponding adverb , e.g. B. lente , lentementri (slow). The adjectives in -il, which use the masculine form to form adverbs, are an exception: facil , facilmentri (simple). However, this adverb formation is an Italianism. Instead of this adverb formation, Friulian knows numerous paraphrases of the type a ... vie ("in ... kind") z. B. a stupit vie (“stupidly”). As in most popular Romance languages, Romanian and Sardinian, the masculine adjective is also used as an adverb.

vocabulary

The vocabulary of Friulian is largely based on Latin, although of course some phonological and morphological changes have taken place here. Many words are therefore common to other Romance languages . However, there are other languages ​​that have contributed to the Friulian vocabulary:

  • Especially in the Middle Ages found German words their way into the Friulian. The influence of this culture was particularly strong during the time of the Patriarchate of Aquileia (e.g. bussâ , kiss; crot <toad, frog; cramar <shopkeeper, representative). As can already be seen in the cramar example , the words come from the neighboring Carinthian dialect or are based on its pronunciation. This can be seen even more clearly in the words ziruc "back" <Carinthian zruck and slofen <Carinthian "schlåfn" in the phrase lâ a slofen "to go to bed": The Friulian speakers heard an o and no a from the German speakers, why the word is "slofen" and not "slafen".
  • Slavic words were brought into the country by immigrants who were used to repopulate Friuli after much of the population perished in the course of the Hungarian invasions of the 10th century (hence cjast , barn; zigâ , shout, zave , toad) . Place names in particular often have Slavic origins.
  • Many words have Germanic (probably Lombard origin) or Celtic roots. The following are examples of the first category: sbregâ ‚pull ', sedon ‚ spoon', taponâ ‚cover '; for the latter bregons 'trousers', drâğ 'sieve', glasinis 'blueberry', jote 'booze', troi 'way', viscle 'whip'.
  • The Venetian also had an influence on the Friulian vocabulary: canucje 'straw'.
  • Scientific terms have (as is so often the case) Greek or Arabic origin, e.g. B. lambic , calm.
  • Some French expressions also found their way into the Friulian vocabulary, for example pardabon 'really' and gustâ 'lunch'.

Current state of Friulian

Street signs in Italian and Friulian
Bilingual sign in Santa Caterina
Sugar sachets from Fantats furlans, the Friulian youth, invite you to speak Friulian when you go to the bar every day.
Commemorative plaque for the Pope's visit to Artegna in Friulian

Legal situation

Friulian is officially recognized as a minority language in Italy by Law 482/1999 . Friulian was introduced in many elementary schools, but only as an optional subject.

Culture

The largest organization for the preservation of the Friulian is the Societât filologjiche furlane, which was founded in Gorizia in 1919 . There are online newspapers and many Friulian music groups that also use this language in their texts. Two films in Friulian (Tierç lion and Lidrîs cuadrade di trê) have recently been released and have met with positive criticism in Italian newspapers. There is also a Friulian translation of the Bible . The poet and writer Ermes Culos has various literary works such as B. Dante's Divine Comedy and Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote translated into Furlanic.

School system

Furlan is a regular subject in the curriculum at the schools in Friuli. The students can, however, forego the lessons when registering. 61% of the students in the former province of Udine, 46% in the former province of Gorizia and 30% in the former province of Pordenone have chosen to take classes.

Place names

Every place in Friuli has both a Friulian and an Italian name. However, since Italian is the official state language , the Italian place names are also official. Bilingual (Italian and Friulian) place-name signs can be found in around 40 percent of the municipalities of the former province of Udine . Since 2004, monolingual Italian road signs have also been gradually replaced by bilingual ones. Two examples: the Friulian name for Udine is Udin, that of Tolmezzo Tumieç .

standardization

Like other minority languages , Friulian also faces the problem of standardization , which concerns not only the creation of a standard language , but also a uniform writing system. As a rule, Central Friulian is recognized as the standard, although this is still considered controversial.

Varieties of Friulian

Memorial plaque in Central Friuli in Raspano (municipality of Cassacco )

The four larger dialect groups of Friulian primarily differ in terms of the final vowels of nouns or adjectives:

  • Central Friulian, spoken in the province of Udine
    • Words end in -e.
    • Used in many official documents, considered standard
  • North Friulian, spoken in Carnia
    • Words can end in -o, -e, or -a, but this may vary in some valleys.
  • Southeast Friulian, spoken in Bassa Friulana and in the area around the Isonzo river ( Gorizia province )
    • Words end in -a.
    • closer to Italian
  • West Friulian, spoken in the province of Pordenone
    • Words end in -a.
    • great influence of the Venetian

The versions cjasa or cjaso correspond to the Central Friulian cjase in other areas . Probably the best-known exponent of Friulian in the 20th century , Pier Paolo Pasolini , wrote his works in West Friulian, which he had learned from his mother.

The first literary works from the 13th century are based on the Friulian spoken around Cividale del Friuli, which at the time was the most important city in Friuli; Interestingly enough, the ending vowel -o is often found here, which is now only restricted to a few villages in Carnia . Udine , where the ending -a was most common, later replaced Cividale del Friuli as the most important city in Friuli. The ending -e was not found until the 16th century .

Writing systems

The official writing system used by the Province of Udine in official documents consists of the Latin alphabet and the c with cédille (ç). The letter q is only used for proper names and historical place names and is replaced by c in all other cases. The letters k, w, x and y only appear in loan words . They are not seen as part of the alphabet: 

   Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Zz

There are also gravis , lenis and circumflex accents, the latter showing a long vowel to distinguish minimal pairs , e.g. B. lât vs. lat .

Language examples

  • Hello, my name is Jakob!
    Mandi, jo o ai nom Jacum!
  • It is very hot today!
    Vuê al è propite cjalt!
  • I really have to go now, see you then!
    O scugni propite lâ cumò, ariviodisi.
  • I can't go out tonight, I have to study.
    No pues vignî for usgnot, o ai di studiâ.

The Lord's Prayer in Friulian

Pari nestri che tu sês in cîl,
che al sedi santifiât il to nom,
che al vegni il to ream,
che e sedi fate la tô volontât
sicu in cîl cussì ancje in tiere.
Danus vuê il nestri pan cotidian
e pardoninus i nestris debits
sicu ancje nô ur ai pardonìn ai nestris debitôrs
E no stâ menânus in tentazion
ma liberinus dal mâl.
To al è il ream, tô e je la potence, tô e je la glorie tai secui dai secui.
Amen.

literature

The grammar explained here is based on

Further information:

  • Georg Pagitz: Friulian word for word (= gibberish. Volume 209). Travel Know-How-Verl. Rump, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-89416-379-2 .
  • Fausto Zof: Gramatiche pratiche de lenghe furlane. 2nd, completely thru Edition, Leonardo, Pasian di Prato (Udine) 2002, OCLC 48662398 .

Scientific literature:

  • Paola Benincà: Friulian / Friulano: Internal Language History I. Grammar - Evoluzione della grammatica. In: Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin , Christian Schmitt: (Ed.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics (LRL). Volume III: The individual Romance languages ​​and language areas from the Renaissance to the present. Romanian, Dalmatian / Istra Romansh , Friulian, Ladin, Grisons Romansh. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, ISBN 3-484-50250-9 , pp. 563-585.
  • Paola Benincà, Laura Vanelli: Linguistica friulana (= Quaderni di dialettologia. Volume 10). Unipress, Padova 2005, ISBN 88-8098-216-8 .
  • Franc Fari (ed.): Manuâl di lenghistiche furlane. Forum, Udine 2005, ISBN 88-8420-354-6 .
  • Giuseppe Francescato: Dialettologia friulana. Società Filologica Friulana, Centro di Studi Ladini, Udine 1966, OCLC 17162609 .
  • Giovanni wife: I dialetti del Friuli. Società Filologica Friulana, Udine 1984, OCLC 12586535 ; (first under the title: Friuli (= Profili dei dialetti italiani. Volume 6).
  • Sabine Heinemann: Studi di linguistica friulana (= studies on the position of Friulian in northern Italoromania. ). Società Filologica Friulana, Udine 2007, ISBN 978-88-7636-081-7 .
  • Sabine Heinemann, Luca Melchior (eds.): Manuale di linguistica friulana (= Manuals of Romance linguistics. Volume 3). Mouton / de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-031059-7 .
  • Günter Holtus , Michael Metzeltin , Christian Schmitt (Hrsg.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics . 12 volumes. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1988-2005; Volume III: The individual Romance languages ​​and language areas from the Renaissance to the present. Romanian, Dalmatian / Istra Romansh, Friulian, Ladin, Grisons Romansh. 1989, ISBN 3-484-50250-9 .
  • Carla Marcato: Friuli-Venezia Giulia (= Profili linguistici delle regioni ). Laterza, Roma / Bari, 2001, ISBN 88-421-0581-3 .
  • Piera Rizzolati: Elementi di linguistica friulana. Società Filologica Friulana, Udine 1981, OCLC 9828021 .
  • Paolo Roseano: La pronuncia del friulano standard: proposte, problemi e domande aperte (PDF; 758 kB). In: Ce Fastu? Rivista della Società Filologica Friulana Graziadio I. Ascoli. Volume LXXXVI (2010), No. 1, ISSN  1828-4302 , pp. 7-34 (with bibliography).
  • Paolo Roseano: Suddivisione dialettale del friulano (PDF; 3.53 MB). In: Sabine Heinemann, Luca Melchior (eds.): Manuale di linguistica friulana. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-031059-7 , pp. 155–186 (with bibliography).
  • Federico Vicario (ed.): Lezioni di lingua e cultura friulana (= Strumenti. Volume 5). Società Filologica Friulana, Udine 2005, ISBN 88-7636-058-1 .
    • Federico Vicario: Lezions di lenghistiche furlane (= Cuaders dal Centri interdipartimentâl pe ricercje su la culture e la lenghe dal Friûl = Quaderni del Centro interdipartimentale per la ricerca sulla cultura e la lingua del Friuli. Volume 3). Forum, Udine 2005, ISBN 88-8420-399-6 .
  • Federico Vicario: Introduction to Friulian linguistics. Translated by Amanda Hunter. Forum, Udine 2007, ISBN 978-88-8420-465-3 .
  • Gabriele Zanello: Dalla lingua dell'altro, nella lingua dell'altro. Intorno ad alcune esperienze di scrittura sul confine tra sloveno e friulano. In: Oltre i confini. Scritti in onore di don Luigi Tavano per i suoi 90 anni. Edited by Liliana Ferrari; Paolo Iancis; Luigi Tavano. Istituto di Storia Sociale e Religiosa, Görz 2013, ISBN 978-88-907667-3-2 , pp. 332–362 (Italian and Slovenian).

To the two-cabal flexion in Old Friulian:

  • Laura Vanelli: La formazione del plurale in friulano e la ricostruzione diacronica. In: Laura Vanelli: I dialetti italiani settentrionali nel panorama romanzo (= Biblioteca di cultura (Bulzoni editore). Volume 555). Bulzoni, Rome 1998, ISBN 88-8319-206-0 , pp. 153-168.

Web links

Wikipedia in Furlan

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Including 420,000 regular and 180,000 occasional speakers. Condizione Sociolinguistica. AGGIORNAMENTO 2015 ( Memento from July 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: arlef.it, (last) accessed on May 19, 2016 (Italian).
  2. ^ Art. Romansh literature. In: The Brockhaus Literature. Volume 3: Og-Zz. Mannheim u. a. 1988, ISBN 3-7653-0403-4 .
  3. ^ Pier Paolo Pasolini - Vita. A portrait of Massimiliano Valente and Angela Molteni. Translation by Monika Lustig ( memento of July 2, 2015 in the archive.today web archive ), accessed on May 19, 2016.
  4. ↑ This is freely available in Project Gutenberg: La Divina Comèdia: Complete by Dante Alighieri (ins Furlan. Translated by Ermes Culos). In: gutenberg.org, (last) accessed on May 19, 2016.
  5. ^ Messaggero Veneto - Giornale del Friuli, Friulian becomes a regular subject
  6. ↑ Danimi. Scritto e interpretato da Sommarti. Versione originale e in grassetto la versione interpretata. In: musichefurlane.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007 ; accessed on September 6, 2019 (Friulian, further examples, music and texts).
  7. ↑ The article reports on the Romance varieties spoken in Friuli. The article gives information about geographic, demographic and historical data. He also devotes himself to the sociolinguistic situation of the Friulians and describes the Friulian language system.