Two-faced flexion
The two-casus inflection is a reduction of the Latin case system during the origin of the Romance languages . Of the original six cases , only the nominative as a rectus and the accusative as an obliquus remained . Examples of a two-corner flexion can be found in Old French and Old Occitan as well as in Old Friulian and Old Suryelvian . Inscriptions suggest, however, that there was a two-corner inflection in far more ancient Romanic languages and dialects . Different rectus and obliquus shapes are documented in Old Catalan and Old Venetian .
Outside of the Romance languages, Kurmanji and Zaza also have a two-kosus inflection.
In the development of the reduction of the Indo-European cases, the two-caseflexion is a stage before the complete loss of the case category .
Example:
- Nom . : murus → murs rectus
- Gene. : muri -
- Date : muro → mur Obliquus
- Acc . : murum → mur Obliquus
- Oj : muro → mur Obliquus
- Nom .: muri → mur rectus
- Gen .: murorum -
- Date: muris → murs Obliquus
- Acc .: muros → murs Obliquus
- Obl .: muris → murs Obliquus
The forms of the Latin genitive singular and plural were replaced quite early by prepositional paraphrases with the preposition de , so that these forms are not affected by the phonetic reduction, as they were no longer used in the language. For example, the Latin form murorum should have resulted in the old French * muror / mureur , which is nowhere documented.
In contrast to other old Romanic languages, where this did not exist (or no longer exist), the existence of a two-cousin inflection allowed a freer syntax .
The Romanian also a Romance language, also has a Zweikasusflexion (if you map for the block syntax insignificant vocative excludes). The opposition is different here, however, as nominative and accusative as well as genitive and dative are the same. Within Romance Studies it is disputed whether this is a new formation or a continuation of the vulgar Latin conditions.
Example: nominative / accusative singular: Romanian casă "das Haus", genitive / dative singular: Romanian case "des haus, dem haus "
literature
- Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke : Grammar of the Romance languages. Volume 2: Romanesque theory of forms. Reisland, Leipzig 1894 (Reprographic reprint. Olms, Hildesheim et al. 1972, ISBN 3-487-04238-X ).
- Lorenzo Renzi: Nuova introduzione alla Filologia romanza. Nuova edizione. il Mulino, Bologna 1994, ISBN 88-15-04340-3 , in particular the chapter: “Il sistema casuale e la sua evoluzione” , pp. 139–144.
- Hans Rheinfelder : Old French grammar. Part 2: Form theory. Hueber, Munich 1967.
- Laura Vanelli: La formazione del plurale in friulano e la ricostruzione diacronica. In: Laura Vanelli: I dialetti italiani settentrionali nel panorama romanzo. Studi di sintassi e morfologia (= Biblioteca di cultura. Vol. 555). Bulzoni, Rome 1999, ISBN 88-8319-206-0 , pp. 153-168.