Carinthian dialect

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As Carinthian dialects is called the dialects of German which in Carinthia are spoken. All Carinthian dialects are part of the Bavarian dialect . The Hutterite in North America is a dialect of Carinthia basis.

Spatial structure

The (southern Bavarian) Carinthian dialects are divided into Upper, Middle and Lower Carinthian. In the Lesachtal no real Carinthian dialect is spoken - this dialect belongs more to Tyrol  - furthermore, in the Katschtal and in the uppermost Mölltal, Salzburg and around the Obdacher Sattel also have Styrian characteristics in Carinthia . The border between the Upper and Central Carinthian dialect runs from Nötsch in the Gailtal to the northwest via Stockenboi , to the west past Spittal an der Drau and then northwest over the Reisseck and the Hochalmspitze to the state border. At Upper Carinthia in the dialect known union sense, therefore, the Gail, Möll and upper Drautal include the Lurnfeld .

In addition to a spatial subdivision of the Carinthian dialect, there is also a sociological subdivision: There is the common lingua franca in the country and the city language that stands between it and the actual rural dialect.

Central Carinthia

Central Carinthia is spoken in the Liesertal , Umgebung valley , in the lower Drautal as well as in the Villach and Klagenfurt basins , in the Metnitz, Gurk and Glan valleys as well as on the Zoll- and Krappfeld . Today's mixed-language area of ​​Lower Carinthia (formerly mainly inhabited by Carinthian Slovenes ) belongs to the same dialect type . In dialect terms, Lower Carinthia is the Görtschitz and Lavant valleys. None of these three mentioned dialect dreams is uniform, but subdivided into further smaller units.

Central Carinthia comprises the central area of ​​Carinthia and occupies the largest area. It can be divided into four groups, namely into

  • West Central Carinthia (west of Sirnitz, Himmelberg and Treffen, in the lower Drautal with Spittal an der Drau and the Liesertal), transition zone to Upper Carinthia;
  • North Central Carinthia (Gurk- and Metnitztal as well as Krappfeld and Wimitz) with the main characteristic oa (from Middle High German ei ) and a strongly rolled tongue r ;
  • Central Central Carinthia (in the area of ​​the city square Klagenfurt - St. Veit an der Glan - Feldkirchen - Villach ) with the main characteristic long a (from mhd. Ei e.g. šta: n "stone", probably through Spanheimer and Bamberg influence, with spread far beyond the central area); in the Klagenfurt area -k- is still affected even before voiced consonance (e.g. pukhl "hump").
  • South Central Carinthia in the lower Gailtal, Rosental, Jauntal, Jaunfeld and the German-speaking Kanaltaler . The latter lacks the otherwise observable difference between urban and rural language forms; it can therefore be seen as an offshoot of the urban variant of Central Central Carinthia - with a higher proportion of Slovene influences than the Carinthian average.

Through the work of the Carinthian dialect poet Gerhard Glawischnig and his role (together with Justinus Mulle ) in the creation of the New Carinthian Song , the Glantal dialect he used in his works and lyrics has become a kind of Carinthian Koine and enjoys by far the highest reputation. Many song texts from other parts of Carinthia have been adapted to this language form.

Upper Carinthian

Upper Carinthia is divided into the dialects of the upper, middle and lower Mölltal, the upper Drautal, the Gailtal, the Gitschtal and the area around the Weißensee. Geographically, the Lesach Valley is one of them. Phonically speaking, the internal pronunciation of st as scht in the western half and a light vowel in final syllables in words such as sune Sonne, milech Milch or hirbischt Herbst should be mentioned. Another
characteristic feature of the Mölltal is the archaic pronunciation of the r in the initial sound with an h -inset (cf. ahd. Hr otsvith von Gandersheim), in the past almost in the entire Spittal district (for example Ross [hrous] or mountain name Hruckenkopf , written back to head. Ein Mölltaler mockery: In the Hranksdörfer Hraidn tant se hrodln, the da Hrotz lei so åwa hrint = “In the bend of Rangersdorf they toboggan so that the snot just trickles down”).
There is a lot of rolling in the Gailtal, among other places; the Gitschtal has a kakuminal r ( similar to the English r ) . In large areas o is spoken before r like å (= open o ) (for example dårf village). Typically the elevation of ea and oa before nasals to ia and ua ( gian go opposite gean in Central Carinthia, luan wage opposite loan in Central Carinthia). Locally (especially in Mölltal) palatal pronunciation of the vowels (for example röükh 'rock', häüs 'house' and so on).

Lower Carinthian

Lower Carinthia includes the Görtschitz and Lavant valleys; While the Görtschitztal is very close to the North Central Carinthian dialect, the dialect of the Lavanttal is reminiscent of western Styrian dialects. In the older dialect, the sound group rn becomes dn , for example schtädn Stern, khådn Korn or vowel + r becomes a syllable r , for example khrchn church, wrbm worm; since in other areas of Carinthia (especially in the central area) an a -like sound is spoken before r ( khiachn , wuam ), there are clear and audible differences here.

Integration into South Bavarian

The whole of Carinthia - together with most of Tyrol, Salzburg's Lungau and the neighboring Styrian areas (especially the districts of Murau, Judenburg, Voitsberg and Deutschlandsberg) - belongs to the southern Bavarian dialect area.

This area belongs to the ancient Bavarian dialects, whose ancient character is only surpassed by the upstream language island dialects (for example Pladen / Sappada, Friuli , Zarz / Sorica, Slovenia [extinct], Gottscheerisch and so on). Accordingly, we find a lot of southern Bavarian features in the Carinthian dialects:
What connects Carinthia with Tyrol, but clearly sets it apart from the Middle Bavarian dialects, is the preservation of the prefix ge in the middle word of the past ( PPP ) from all plosives : it means he has petet / Getribm / gekhocht (compared to Mittelbair . he håt bet / dribm / kocht ). The pronunciation of the e in ge is fluctuating, in part raised, thus roughly [gi-] spoken, in part the pronunciation is more open, for example [gä-], or slightly reduced, for example [g'-]. Sometimes the prefix also missing in south Bavaria, for example, come , see , he is tswegn khem it is the way come , but this is not an exception but an archaism.

Furthermore, the vowel in the article is always retained, in South Bavarian it always says de or di khia "the cows", de or di muater the mother, never (as in other Bavarian areas) d'kia or d'muater .

The affected k , here written kh , more precisely [kch], also belongs here; in south Bavaria every old was k affriziert, in contrast to the central and northern Bairischen and to High German. So we have pronunciations like khem (an) , khua cow, khochn cook and so on. Another südbairisches feature is the diminutive -le , in flexion - len (in Upper Carinthia) and - lan (in lower Carinthia), for example diandle or deandle girl FEGELE or fogale (. Dating Sg and plural birds -LEN or -lan ) .

Phonology

Phoneme inventory

The following sounds have no phoneme status in the dialect of the Carinthian central area :

  • à (Schwa; position-related variant of a / e )
  • ä (positional variant of e )
  • b (positional variant of w )
  • ch (positional variant of h )
  • ŋ (positional variant of n )
  • ü (positional variant of i )
  • ö (positional variant of e )

Carinthian stretch

In large parts of Carinthia and parts of Styria, there is a specific distribution of the vowel length (which, however, maintains the phoneme status due to the paradigmatic equalization), the Carinthian stretching. Under the influence of the Slovenian dialects in Carinthia, the mhd. Sound sequence of short vowels + mined fricative sound has developed into long vowel + simple fricative sound . The following rules apply:

  • A simple consonant is usually preceded by a long vowel (always before fricatives, lenes and sonorants except m ), often also before m and t (never before p and k );
  • before affricates, consonant groups, p and k there is usually a short vowel;
  • Accented vowels are long and unstressed short;
  • the vowel length is not changed by paradigmatic compensation.

For example, the words know and meadows have collapsed into [wi: sn]. In the same way, furnace and open are pronounced the same [o: fn]. For example, one says i le: p , but er lep , i så: k , but er såk . So: "Drink a Wå: sa, Werta pe: sa" (Drink water, then you will feel better)!

Further features: b and w are combinatorial variants, just like h and ch , for example ch> h: [sihàlich], ['filahà], [met-hen], [mea-hen] ( certainly, Villacher, Mädchen, Märchen ).

Voiced / unvoiced consonants

The voiced consonants b, d, g are mostly spoken in Carinthian (especially at the beginning and end of syllables) voiceless (i.e. p, t, k). For example, the tree becomes Pa: m . The saw , the sack and I say are pronounced the same ( så: k ). Likewise the words there and cake ( tuatn ).

No vocalization of the l

While in many other Bavarian dialects (also in northern and eastern Austria) an l is voweled between vowel and consonant or at the end of a word after a vowel (for example Göd , Göid or Geid for 'money' or vü , vui or vüi for 'much '), it is always preserved in the southern Bavarian, as well as in the Carinthian dialects. So you say Gölt ('money'), vül ('a lot'), schöln ('peel'), ålt ('old') and Kohln ('coal').

grammar

Conjugation of some verbs

a) with word order pronomy + verb ( I see )
b) with word order verb + pronoun ( I see )
c) subjunctive II

to have be Life say to do go see have to want come knowledge can
a)
i håb / hån i pin i lep i såk i tua i go i sig i have to i wüll i kumm i what I can
you have you pist you lep you såkst you do you go you sik you have to you roll you come / kiss you wast you can
he has he is he lep he såk he did he goes he is careful he must he rau he kimmp he what he can
mia håm (a) mia san mia lem mia sågn mia tan mia go mia bless mia missn mia want mia keman mia know mia kinan
it håpts on the other hand it lepts it såkts it did it's ok there is champagne it measures it wanted it kemps it knows it kints
se håmt / håmp be se se lemt se sågnt se tant he wanted se bless se measured you want se kemant you know se kinant
b)
håb i / hån i pin i lep i såk i tuari go i siach i must i wüll i kimm i what i kånn i
have pist leps såkst do go siakst must bulging you get wast can
has a is a lep a såk a do a goes a siacht a must a wüll a kimmp a what a kånn a
håmma samma lemma Tell me tamma gemma segma miassma wollma kema wissma kima
håpts aside lepts såkts in fact ok champagne measure it want it kemps you know kints
håm se his / sant se lem se sågn se tan se go bless you measure se want it keman se know kinan se
c)
i het i was (at) i lebat i sågat i did / tet i gangat i segat i miassat i wellat i kamat i wisat i cantat

2nd person Sg .: -st
3rd person Sg .: -t; verbs ending in -ben and -gen do not have the -t (er lep, he screams, er såk, er ziak)
1st person pl .: -n; for verbs ending in -ben: -m; as a reinforced form also -ma (mia segma, mia gemma)
2nd person pl .: -ts
3rd person pl .: -nt

In the word sequence verb + pronoun (for example in questions), the personal pronoun is omitted in the 2nd person singular and in the 1st and 2nd person plural, unless it is particularly emphasized or stressed (for example "gemma mia is fuat?" , "Seits es aa krånk?")

Past:

i håb / hån ghåp
i pin gwesn
i håb / hån glep
i håb / håb gsåk
i håb / hån getån
i pin gångan
i håb / hån gsegn
i håb / hån miassn
i håb / hån wolln

As in all other Bavarian dialects, Carinthian only has the perfect forms, no imperfect. The only exception is the verb sein with i wår , which is on an equal footing with i pin gwesn .

Elimination of es and place prepositions

In the case of impersonal verbs, the pronoun is usually omitted: heit is åba kålt .

Place prepositions are also often left out: “i fåhr Klågnfuat” (I'm going to Klagenfurt) or “gemma heit cinema?” (Are we going to the cinema today?).

Both phenomena also exist in Slovenian and from there they came into the Carinthian dialect.

Selection of dialect expressions used in Carinthia

The vocabulary of the Carinthian dialects is recorded and described in the dictionary of Bavarian dialects in Austria . A Carinthian language atlas is in progress.


  • A ...? - introduces a question, e.g. B. "A kummst heite?" - "Are you coming today?", "A who is dos?" - "Who is that?", "A wievül host denn kaaft?" - "How much did you buy?" A Du a do? "-" Are you here (at this event)? "(From Slovene." Ali ", colloquial" a '", untranslatable question particle, also introduces question sentences in Slovenian)
  • aufe - up
  • ballánkan - play table football
  • Blåse - wind
  • Arch lock = padlock, padlock (from ahd. Bulga bag)
  • Botízn - yeast dough strudel with nut or poppy seed filling (slow.),
  • Betfiasn - lower edge of the bed
  • deachl - over there
  • dege - this
  • durt - over there
  • Drischbl - raised door threshold
  • real hell - over there
  • eppa gor - about, even, actually
  • Eapa - strawberry (s)
  • Farfalan - dripped in dough, soup insert (from the Italian farfala - "butterfly").
  • fertn - last year
  • Fettn - happiness, but also a state of intoxication
  • Flortschn - stupid, conceited woman
  • Frackale - shot glass
  • Frasn - seizure, cramp (mhd. Free epilepsy)
  • Frigga, frikka, frigge - pan- fried dish made from bacon and cheese, is eaten straight out of the pan with bread
  • Fuattach - work apron for men
  • fudln - working around hectically
  • furfertn - Two years ago
  • Galz - mayonnaise
  • Gate pants (Untergate pants)
  • Gedáks - undergrowth
  • Gfick - annoying stuff
  • gflaucht - stolen is derived from "flauchen"
  • Gigritzpåtschn - synonym for a nonexistent place in Carinthia
  • Gitschn - girl (in Upper Carinthia; from Friulian chiccia )
  • Glåtn - hair
  • Glundna - cooked cheese
  • Glusn - stale drink
  • Gneat - hurry: "Where do you host Gneat fan?" → "Why are you in such a hurry?"
  • Goggolore glasses or a slightly stupid person
  • Goti - godmother, godfather uncle
  • Grantn - cranberries
  • Grantnscherbn - an angry and resentful person
  • Gschirrhangal (e) - tea towel
  • Gschråpp (m) - child (ren)
  • Gschwachta - family, relatives
  • Groambachhaufen - collected waste from branches
  • Habschi (Habara) - friend
  • haifte - enough
  • hålsn - kiss, cuddle
  • Hax - leg
  • hintagebm - return
  • hintazåhln, zruckzåhln - pay back
  • huckn - cuddle
  • ibalegn - reflect; get changed
  • Jaukale - syringe
  • Jåcka - jacket
  • Jockl - boobies
  • Kaischn - Hut (borrowed back from Slovenian hiša , Germanic loan word)
  • kamot (kommod) - cozy
  • Karntn is lei ans - there is only one Carinthia
  • Kasnudln - Carinthian dumplings, filled with curd cheese and potato mixture, seasoned with mint and beef fillet .
  • Kåschpl - kitchen waste for the pigs, also: food
  • Kauze - chewing gum
  • Keferfil - chervil herb
  • kirre - mad ( Dås måcht mi gånz kirre )
  • Klankalan - earrings
  • Klåpan - hands
  • Klutsch - key (from the Slovak. Ključ)
  • Kreadn - pile of wood ( Upper Carinthian )
  • Kreitlach - herbs
  • Kota - also derogatory for device or machine: Krempl, but also prison cell
  • kuttan - laugh
  • Låfntål - Lavant Valley
  • lai - only (lai lafn losn - just let go) (from slow. le - only )
  • Lei-lei - Carnival call in Villach such as Kölle Alaaf in Germany
  • Lei losn, wiad already pasn - reassuring saying
  • Leckn - Holzstapel (also Holzleckn), ( Central Carinthian )
  • kan Lefl håbm - don't feel like it
  • Lorka - simple-minded woman
  • Lota - (tall) man
  • Mankale - male
  • a Masa - a lot
  • Mauchalan - Kriecherln (small ringlets), also : Kriachalan
  • Masl - happiness
  • disgusting - stink
  • Mingale - small piece (from food etc.)
  • Mugl, Mugale - hilltop, small hill
  • Munkn - simple peasant dish made from crushed grain (from old Slovenian mo (n) ka - flour, today Slovenian moka )
  • Murchn, Muachn - bottle (beer)
  • Notsch - pig
  • Emergency bowl - piglets
  • Nugele - young cattle
  • up - down
  • Paludra - bad drink
  • Pånzka - big beans
  • pegatzl - a little
  • ne mau - see pegatzl
  • Pimp - penis
  • Pfitschale, Flitschale - conceited, flighty girl
  • Pfogga - mud, porridge
  • pfreakan - hurl, throw
  • Pipale - chick
  • Pleampe, Pleampel - clumsy, simple-minded person
  • Plerénke - tearful person
  • Pletza - knife
  • Plotschn - large plant leaf
  • Plutza - pumpkin; derogatory for: head
  • Pogátschn - white bread
  • Pomarantschn - Orange
  • potschasn - leisurely (from Slov. "počasen" - slowly)
  • Pópale - toddler
  • Potsch - Schlapfen (slippers); Children's bottom; or Påtsch (n): flat tire
  • Pótschata - clumsy person - to be potschat
  • Potúkl - Unsympathler (usually in the phrase windischer Potukl )
  • Pregler - schnapps
  • Pritsch - simple-minded, clumsy person
  • Printschl - Dregs at Sterz (Polenta)
  • Putscherl - piglets
  • Putschkn - core (of an apple)
  • Pangn - dirty-smelly-messy person
  • Pfreagn - blower for generating noises (whistle), especially for children
  • Pölli - uncouth person
  • Pölza - a stupid person
  • reamln - to tie (shoes)
  • Friction - moped, general machine
  • Reindling - Carinthian cake made from yeast dough
  • rifln - comb through
  • Roapa - strawberry (redberry)
  • Rumsn - shabby place
  • saftln - drinking (mostly in combination with beer)
  • Sásaka - Hacked (from Slovenian zaseka )
  • scraping - masturbating
  • Schalale (pl. Schalalan) - small cup (Carinthian tongue twister: "Do you need ane Untatatzalan oda tans de Schalalan alaan aa?" - Do you also need saucers or do cups alone too?)
  • Schåln - cup
  • Schlatzalan - marbles
  • schlatzln - playing marbles
  • Schnasn - series
  • schmussn - kiss
  • Schrefl - log
  • Schwårtling - edge board when sawing
  • bless - those: "Bless wol!" → That is right
  • sifln - slide
  • Staudach - undergrowth
  • Stiazla - tramp
  • dab - prick
  • Strankerln (Strankalan, Strankele) - Fisolen, green beans (from old Slovenian stro (n) k - pod, husk , today Slovenian strok )
  • tålkat - clumsy
  • Tampfl - mud
  • Teggl - mud
  • Teckn - damage
  • Tirkn - corn
  • Tirkntschuatsch - corn on the cob
  • Tirkensterz - Sterz made from corn grits
  • Tocker, toka, third - stupid, simple-minded man / youth
  • toldan - thunder
  • Tost - simpleton, also : peg
  • Treapn, Tresa - stupid, simple-minded woman / young person
  • Tschalp - simple simpleton
  • Chat - worthless stuff
  • Tscheafl - shoes, slippers, sandals (from Slov. Čevlje - shoe)
  • Tscheafltaxi - on foot
  • Tschentschen - grumbling, nagging, whining, from Ladin: Tschantschar, talk, speak.
  • Tschindan - crash, collide ( Do hots utterly getschindat - there was a real crash)
  • Tschinkat - sick
  • Tschinkl - Feitl, tradit. pocket knife
  • Tschriasche - stupid simple-minded person (male), slow.
  • Tschreapm - cup, vessel, small pot or derogatory term for a woman (from Slov. Črpina - shard)
  • Tschoda - hair ( also : Tschodern)
  • Tschåppale - clumsy, clumsy person
  • Tschoggln - Trotting,
  • Tschompe - french fries, potato
  • Tschumpe - pejorative for a clumsy person
  • Tschure - someone who dawdles is also used as a verb (tschuren)
  • Tschugile - calf, cows
  • Tschurn - dawdle
  • Tschurtschn - Baumzapfen, Depp
  • Tschuta - boobies (cousin of the Jockl :)
  • dab - sleep together
  • Tutt (ala) n - (small) breasts
  • Tuter (young Tuter) - young guy
  • urasi - crazy ( Då wiast jå urasi! )
  • vagachn - to be wrong
  • Wabm - (old) woman (from slovenian baba ), contemptuous
  • Wásale - needy child
  • What is weastn? - Ask the waiter what kind of drink you would like to order
  • Wauge, Wauke - booger
  • Wechl - cloth to wipe up
  • Wegwågl - fire salamander
  • Windischa - out of date (today disparaging because it has negative connotations) for Carinthian Slovenes
  • Wiping pale - tongue whistle (blown hidden between the tongue and front teeth)
  • wischpln - whisper
  • woggln - tremble
  • Zassa - movement: he likes kan Zasa more → he no longer moves
  • zassn - sprinkle
  • Zachalan - tears (tears); Toes
  • Zachnt - Big Toe
  • Zecka - school bag; good-natured person
  • Zlózale (from Slov. Celóvec, ma. [Tslouts]) - jokingly for: Klagenfurter
  • Zloznduaf (from Slov. Celovec) - jokingly for: Klagenfurt
  • Zockln - wooden slippers
  • zwialn - lament, lament (from slovenian cviliti )
  • zwüln - scream in high notes ( Wås zwülst'n so !? - Why are you screaming like that ! ?)
  • Zumpfale - penis
  • Zumpl - simple-minded person

swell

  1. ↑ Slovene in Carinthian ( memento of the original from November 26, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uni-klu.ac.at

Heinz-Dieter Pohl : Language contact in Carinthia

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Directory: German / Carinthian dialect  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations