Infant care

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Infant care hospital in Berlin, 1930

The infant care refers to the healthy development of man in his first year of life.

Modern professional infant care identifies resources and care problems of the infant or the family and, on this basis, plans goals and measures to support the healthy development of the infant and his family. In order to comprehensively grasp the individual health situation of an infant, care leans e.g. E.g. the model of life activities according to Nancy Roper , Winifred Logan and Alison Tierney . A special focus is the careful observation and care of the newborn . If the baby is first cared for after birth and is developing well, the parents, mostly the mothers, take care of the baby themselves. The parents are advised and supported by midwives , health and pediatric nurses and the pediatrician .

Baby care in Germany

Today, mother and child normally spend the first three days after the birth in a clinic. But even afterwards or on an outpatient basis, parents are entitled to advice and support from midwives and pediatricians.

In the course of the infant's development in the first year of life, many questions often arise that cannot always be answered from the outset. Parents find support and a low-threshold counseling service in infant care courses, in ongoing parent-child groups such as B. PEKiP , in breastfeeding groups, parent cafés, open meetings, in parent schools, midwifery practices, on the Internet or in numerous parenting guides.

The term infant care covers many different topics in this area, such as: As the holding and carrying, calming and help sleep , nutrition , breastfeeding , breastfeeding problems, supplementary food, baby food , allergy prevention, skin care, bath, wrap , baby massage , health screenings , investigative book, immunization schedule, children's diseases , constipation , bloating , Baby Pharmacy , Initial equipment, clothing, bed, toys , child-safe environment and accident prevention, postnatal gymnastics , baby swimming , etc.

In the case of disorders in the neonatal period and in premature babies , the need for care is more intensive due to the special circumstances. Medical and technical skills are required. Infant care may take place in the intensive care unit of a clinic. In these special situations, nurses and pediatric nurses take over some or most of the care as required. Today, however, motherly love and the parent-child relationship are still central in order for the infant to thrive. In Germany, premature babies represent the largest child patient group with a share of 8.8% of newborns.

history

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
The views on correct infant care are strongly dependent on culture and have changed fundamentally again and again in the western world. In the 1950s z. For example, breastfeeding, popularized by Emmett Holt and John Watson, has been replaced on a strict schedule by modern concepts like that of Benjamin Spock. Unfortunately, the article contains only fragmentary and unsystematic information about the history of infant care. Penelope Leach and Sears are also missing.
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Professional infant care as a separate area of ​​child care did not develop until the 19th century, due to the high mortality rate of infants in children's wards in hospitals. The first “baby nurses” were finally trained in Dresden in 1897 by the pediatrician Arthur Schloßmann in the first German nursing home for sick children.

After science initially focused on personal care, hygiene and nutrition, the scientific work led z. E.g. from Emmi Pikler and René A. Spitz on the realization that a child also needs love and attention, respect, but also boundaries and education for healthy development.

Caring for newborn babies

A mature newborn is born between the ages of 38 and 42. Week of pregnancy born. The neonatal period, during which the child's organs have to take on their own functions after separation from the maternal organism, lasts from the time the cord is cut until the 28th day of life. In this phase, special care measures are necessary that differ from the general care of an older infant.

First aid measures

First aid for the newborn
  • Monitoring of the first breath, which occurs after approx. 20 seconds due to external stimuli such as B. touch, light, cold and lack of oxygen is triggered
  • If necessary, suction of mucus, blood or green amniotic fluid from the mouth, nose, throat and possibly also the stomach
  • Determination of the general condition of the newborn
  • Review and assessment of signs of maturity (head circumference, weight, length, auricle and nasal cartilage, mammary gland tissue and nipple formation, fingernails and toenails, planetary skin wrinkles, skin color and skin texture including the presence of subcutaneous fat, scalp hair, vernix caseosa , lanugo hair , genital area)
  • the vitality control is carried out with the help of the Apgar score . The Apgar values ​​are repeated after 5 and 10 minutes
  • a mature, vital child is preliminarily cut off about 1-1.5 minutes after the umbilical cord pulsation has ceased. For the preliminary cord removal, a sterile clamp is placed approx. 7 cm from the child's body and a second one approx. 4 cm away. With the help of sterile blunt scissors, the umbilical cord is then cut between the two clamps, always keeping the opening of the scissors away from the child to avoid injury.
  • initial contact with the mother is established as quickly as possible. When the newborn comes into contact with the skin, the child perceives the mother's scent for the first time and recognizes her by her voice, which it heard in the womb. Fathers present at the birth are given the opportunity to make initial contact with the child
  • A name ribbon with the date of birth is securely attached to the wrists of the dried out newborn
  • If there is a desire to breastfeed, the newborn should be placed on each breast immediately, as the sucking stimulus is most pronounced for about 20-50 minutes immediately after birth.
  • After careful cleaning under the heat lamp, the umbilical cord is then finally supplied under aseptic conditions by removing a sterile umbilical clamp approx. 2-3 cm from the umbilical ring, i.e. H. is placed away from the skin base. In the vital child, the remaining umbilical cord is cut off with sterile blunt scissors, disinfected with 70 percent alcohol and protected with a sterile compress.
  • Determination and documentation of the body measurements (weight, length, head circumference, temperature) of the newborn
  • the obstetrician carefully examines the child in order to record injuries or malformations and to determine the state of health.

Nursing problems in the newborn

  • Changed living conditions due to birth stress and loss of the protective uterus
  • Danger of organ disturbances through adjustment and adaptation to independent function
  • Risk of umbilical healing disorders and skin damage through infection and the like a.
  • Danger of a difficult parent-child relationship due to social problems

Newborn care duties

  • careful observation of breathing, pulse, body temperature, skin color and texture, drinking behavior, excretions and stool consistency and the behavior of the newborn, abnormalities are immediately forwarded to the doctor
  • the detailed and understandable information of the parents for the targeted, attentive observation of their child
  • assists the doctor with preventive examinations
  • possibly carrying out capillary blood collection for newborn screening
  • performing therapeutic measures (e.g. phototherapy ) as directed by the doctor
  • Advice on breastfeeding or artificial feeding of the child
  • explain hygienic rules to avoid infections
  • Informing parents about health promotion
  • Assistance for parents in the event of problems
  • if necessary, parents will be informed about general care measures such as B. swaddling, personal hygiene, care of the navel, advice and guidance regarding the prevention of accidents, sleeping environment, storage, handling, preventive examinations, body language of the baby, etc.
  • documentation

Tasks for disorders in the neonatal period

  • Care for newborn jaundice . The increase in bilirubin is physiological within certain limits and occurs in healthy mature newborns between the ages of 2 and 6. Day of life. In a hyperbilirubinemia , which is treated with phototherapy, it can cause feeding problems and a lack of food intake, increased fluid loss through increased insensible perspiration and frequent watery stools, retinal damage, body temperature changes, apnea - and Bradykardieneigung in underweight newborns, dry chapped skin, erythema and rash , increased Restlessness and a more difficult parent-child contact due to spatial separation.
  • Caring for a newborn with infections, e.g. B. due to premature rupture of the bladder, amniotic infection syndrome , an existing maternal infection or premature birth
  • Caring for a newborn with metabolic disorders ( hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia )
  • Caring for a newborn with plexus palsy
  • Caring for a newborn with a drug addict mother

Life activities of the infant and measures of general infant care

After birth, the healthy infant is almost completely dependent in its life activities (cf. Nancy Roper's care model ) and it remains so. According to his abilities he develops further by z. B. can eat other food than milk after the first 6 months, but he will still be fed. The infant and its healthy development depend on those around them, their respect and care and their expertise in infant care.

Communication and handling

Babies are very sensitive and there are certain rules to be observed when dealing with them. In order to be able to respond adequately to a child, on the one hand it is important to correctly interpret his signals. An infant who is z. B. turns away, yawns, becomes restless, puts his hand in front of his face or even cries, shows that he wants to be left alone. If these signs are respected, the child will resume contact with the parents after a certain period of time. B. looks attentively at the face of the mother or father or smiles at them. All hand movements such as lifting, lying down, changing, dressing and undressing, carrying, bathing, feeding, drinking, playing and storing are subject to a certain degree of care and loving care. The touches and movements are announced to the child and as much eye contact as possible is made. The aim is to involve the baby and his feelings. The newborn is always slowly lifted or put down over the side. In addition, the baby is always touched by the trunk or near the trunk. Donning and undressing is easier if the neck and sleeve openings have been widened with your own hand beforehand. People never pull on their extremities, they always pull on their clothes. Pay close attention to your little fingers and toes. The basis here is u. a. also the Bobath concept . Infants have a basic need for physical proximity to the caregiver and for security. You first have to get used to the new environment outside the womb. Because of this, they are initially worn a lot on the body. There are different carrying positions and, in addition to carrying on the arm, there are also various carrying aids.

A study of electrocardiograms and behavioral records found that infants calm down when they are carried. They became calmer and stopped crying as soon as they were carried while walking, and this effect ended as soon as the person wearing them sat down. Being calm while wearing is a natural reaction that supports removal from dangerous situations.

Body temperature

After birth, the baby is only less able to regulate its body temperature. For its development, however, it is important that it remains largely constant. This can be achieved e.g. B. by keeping the room temperature constant. A temperature of 20 to 22 ° C is recommended for a newborn. Further measures are e.g. For example, warming your hands before touching them, warming the bed (e.g. with a hot water bottle or cherry stone pillow), using a heat lamp, covering unclothed parts of the body with a cloth diaper or towel and also warming the scales before weighing. On the other hand, so that the baby does not become overheated and does not develop thirst fever, sufficient fluids (boiled water, milk) are offered. If the baby is older, a room temperature of 18 to 21 degrees Celsius during the day and 15 to 18 ° C at night is sufficient. The humidity should be around 50 percent.

to eat and drink

The infant first learns to take in food itself by sucking, coordinating swallowing and breathing and finally digesting it through the gastrointestinal tract. This learning process leads to physiological weight loss in the first days of life. A decrease of up to a tenth of the body weight is considered normal. If the child gains weight again, weekly weighing is sufficient. A happy child is the best evidence of prosperity. Initially, only suitable food is breast milk or industrially produced infant formula . Typically, infants are fed as needed. Most newborns report about 6 to 8 times in 24 hours. But even up to 12 meals (mostly for breastfeeding children) are not unusual at first. The administration of additional fluids is not necessary within the first 4-6 months of life under normal conditions. However, since the newborn is very susceptible to diseases, great care is taken when breastfeeding and feeding. Hands and chest are always cleaned and cared for beforehand. Bottles and teats must be clean and sterilized before use. After breastfeeding and feeding, you should always watch out for the “little burrow” so that swallowed air can escape. To do this, the infant is lifted up so that the child's head rests on the shoulder of the person feeding it. Belching is facilitated by gently moving up and down or gently tapping and rubbing the back.

At around 5 - 7 months, the child learns to spoon and smell, taste, consistency and appearance of food. During this time, milk food is supplemented by the introduction of complementary foods in the form of porridges. The milk formula remains the most important source of calcium and an integral part of the diet. The sequence of complementary foods is strongly determined by tradition. In many countries, such as the USA, rice porridge is first made, then fruit, then vegetables and only in the 8th – 10th centuries. Month meat offered. In Germany, babies are usually given vegetables as their first complementary food. It starts with a spoonful z. B. with pure carrot puree. After a while, the baby gets used to this type of food intake. Then a milk meal is replaced every month with the following porridges:

  • Vegetable, potato and meat porridge in the 7th month
  • Milk and cereal porridge in the 8th month
  • Grain and fruit porridge in the 9th month

By consuming complementary foods, the infant becomes more thirsty. Drinking water or still mineral water, which is boiled in the first six months of life, is suitable for quenching thirst. The gift of herbal teas should be viewed critically. The WHO points out that children are more susceptible to pharmacologically active substances in herbal teas because of their smaller body size and rapid growth rate compared to adults. Due to the lack of scientific evidence on the safety of various herbs and herbal teas for children, there is a great need for research in this area.

As soon as the first teeth erupt, infants like to take some rusks or harder bread crusts to chew, which are given under supervision.

From around the 10th month there is usually a transition to "family food", i. In other words, the pulp is no longer mashed, but only mashed. The milk and cereal porridge is increasingly being replaced by a cold main meal (breakfast and dinner). The infant will continue to be breastfed or given ready-to-use milk as a bottled beverage. Only towards the end of the first year of life does the child begin to drink whole milk from a cup instead of a breast or bottle meal. The child regularly receives fluids through drinks. Hard to digest, very fatty, small or hard foods and strong seasoning are generally avoided.

Keep clean and excrete

The newborn's skin is very delicate. To keep them intact requires good care; H. it is kept clean and dry and allergy-causing or irritating substances are kept away as far as possible.

The umbilical remnant, which in d. Usually dries up within the 5th - 8th following day and then falls off. In this region, particular attention is paid to cleanliness and dryness so that no infection develops. As a rule, covering with a sterile compress, which is changed daily or when necessary, is sufficient. If the navel is red, damp or covered, it is also carefully cleaned with sterile saline solution or disinfectant.

Milk residues on the face or behind the ears are always carefully removed with warm water and a soft cloth. The skin in the genital area requires special care. If it is contaminated with urine or stool, clean it with warm water or vegetable oil. A short bath may be necessary. The bath serves to cleanse, stimulate blood circulation, as well as body awareness, relaxation and movement experience. The dermatologists recommend 1 to 2 baths per week for infants lasting 3 to 5 minutes. The temperature must be 36-38 ° C. Before and after bathing, care should be taken to ensure warmth to protect the infant from cooling down. To wash the newborn baby i. d. Usually warm water is sufficient. Care products can negatively affect the acid protection of the skin, which is why they are used as sparingly as possible. To avoid sore spots, it is important to dry it carefully in the folds of the skin and between the toes and fingers. A hair dryer may help to avoid irritation due to friction when drying. It is important that the temperature is body temperature, the distance to the child is maintained and the air vortex is weak.

As a rule, diaper products are used. Many disposable diapers contain many different chemicals and are impermeable to air. Organic pant diapers are less bleached, but have the disadvantage that they are less absorbent and contain a higher proportion of plastic. Wearing disposable diapers can lead to soreness or diaper rash . To prevent this and to keep the skin dry and clean as much as possible, the diaper is changed as often as possible. I.e. for newborns about every 3-4 hours, for babies about 5 to 6 times a day, or as often as necessary. Basically, no baby is woken up to be changed and care is taken that the diapers are always big enough. It has also proven useful to let the baby kick in the air as much as possible without a diaper (so-called open care).

Dress

The right clothing will help care for the skin and help the baby maintain its temperature. Newborns have a very large head in relation to their body, through which they lose a lot of heat. Therefore you should always wear a light hat. The clothing must not be restrictive. For clothes that lie directly on the skin (rompers, underwear, socks), undyed and not chemically upgraded natural textiles are preferable. They can be recognized by the corresponding laundry symbols. Garments that contain pesticides and other chemicals, or that contain paint leaking, can cause allergies. Garments with zippers, buckles or rivets can also lead to allergies and are unsuitable for babies as they can lead to pressure points. Synthetic fibers such as Perlon , Dralon , nylon , polyester and the like. a. have the disadvantage that the fabric hardly absorbs or lets through moisture. Thus, the sweat remains on the skin, which makes colds more likely. Pure natural fibers or clothing with a maximum of a third of synthetic fibers are most compatible with the skin.

Bond care and tactile measures

A close mother-child relationship is an important prerequisite for the stable emotional development of the child. It can be achieved through close physical contact with the newborn, e.g. B. be encouraged by early application to the chest or rooming-in .

There are various methods and measures to further promote the bond between parents and child, which has a great influence on the development and maturation of the infant. As a rule, these are strongly influenced by culture. In our culture it is the so-called finger games with which contact with babies is made in a playful way. In the early 1970s, Frédérick Leboyer made Indian baby massage popular in Europe. It is a nice way to give the baby love, tenderness, security, security, closeness and affection through targeted, gentle touch and thus contribute to his well-being.

The kangaroo method or "Kangaroo Mother Care" is a care measure in which the child is in direct skin contact with the upper body of the mother or father. The method is used particularly in the field of premature baby care. It was developed and used in Bogota (Colombia) in the late 1970s due to a lack of medical equipment for warming. It can be supported e.g. B. by means of basal stimulation , in which the parents learn how to touch their child in a targeted manner.

In America, the RISS method (Rice Infant Sensorimotor Stimulation Technique, also called "Loving Touch") was developed for premature babies. It has been scientifically proven that the regularly massaged premature babies developed better, gained significantly more weight, were more alert and more active and could be discharged from the clinic earlier.

Further methods of giving affectionate attention to babies in critical situations are the polarity method, gentle holding according to Jay or TAC-TIC (Touching and Caressing - tender in caring = touching and caressing - gentle care) or the butterfly method according to Eva Reich .

Keep busy, move, play and learn

Play is a basic need for a child, and play develops the relationship between the child and the adult. For newborns and infants up to 3 months old, the focus is initially on social play and playing with your own hands. Social play means making eye contact, turning your head towards the caregiver, listening carefully, imitating facial expressions and learning to smile socially. As a caregiver, you can support the development by making contact with the infant through loving speech and z. B. Combines care measures with eye contact and speaking. Since the young infant's attention span is still short, he will quickly become exhausted and look away. In addition to his hands, hanging toys, such as B. Mobile, chimes, balloons or music boxes. Grasping toys can also be offered. The older the infant gets, the more its abilities develop. Depending on the age and stage of development of the infant, he will later practice his newly acquired skills. Depending on the level of development, different skills are always in the foreground. From the infant's point of view, any object that is suitable for exploration is then suitable. It is important that the toys are easy to clean and disinfect and that they are not dangerous and that the baby cannot be injured. If the infant becomes increasingly mobile (crawling, sitting, walking), more and more movement games and movement exercises are used.

The infant can move and feel best when naked. (cf. also Jaroslav Koch's PEKiP concept).

Storage and sleeping

The newborns should always lie on their back or on their side. The supine position is now considered to be the safest sleeping position, but an alternating side position is also recommended, provided that the lower arm is in front of the body to prevent rolling onto the stomach. Positioning on the stomach should only be carried out if the children are supervised, as a connection between the prone position and sudden infant death is suspected.

The use of a baby sleeping bag instead of a blanket is also recommended as a precaution against sudden infant death syndrome .

Provide a safe environment

  • Pollutant-free furniture (bed), mattress, clothing, room paint, bed linen, toys
  • not unattended on the changing table
  • no injurious objects near the baby
  • Create a safe environment with increasing mobility (sockets, reduce the risk of falling, secure cabinet fuses, secure stairs)

Be a girl or a boy

This is important in the infant, as the z. B. in the case of intimate hygiene, corresponding differences must be observed. Perhaps it is also clear from the clothes or toys and colors that surround the infant - how it matters to him or her is unclear.

Regulate breathing and circulation

After the newborn breathes independently and has adapted to the environment, it becomes important to ensure that it can breathe freely. I.e. Nose open, lots of oxygen but also movement.

Special measures for infant care

This includes nose cleaning, care of a reddened anus, measures during teething and care for mild illnesses and colic.

Caring for premature babies

Newborns born before the 37th week of pregnancy are called premature birth. At this point the infant is still immature; H. its organs are not yet ready to take up their function. An important task here is the precise differentiation of which life activities the child can do independently (e.g. breathing) and which need to be supported (e.g. eating and drinking with a weak sucking and swallowing reflex, feeding with a gastric tube). Often the life activity "regulating breathing and circulation" is of greatest importance. It is not uncommon for parents to have feelings of failure and guilt, as well as fear of dealing with the premature baby.

First aid

In addition to the general first aid for a newborn, all measures to maintain warmth, to prevent cerebral hemorrhage and to provide respiratory support in the case of respiratory insufficiency are particularly important for premature babies . Depending on where the child was born, transport to a neonatal intensive care unit, a children's clinic, a perinatal center or a clinic with a neonatal intensive care unit is also necessary. The closer the delivery room or operating room and the neonatal intensive care unit are to each other, the lower the risk is the transport.

Measures to maintain heat
  • First aid on a resuscitation unit with radiant heaters and, if possible, heated mat
  • immediate drying
  • remove all damp cloths
  • Avoid drafts
  • moisten and, if possible, also heat up oxygen
  • preheat the transport incubator
  • To protect against heat loss through convection, the baby's head and torso can be covered with cling film
Measures to prevent cerebral hemorrhage
  • So that the neck veins do not kink and the venous return flow is unhindered, the child is placed in a special central position on the back or on the side
  • With mask ventilation or intubation , the head must not be pressed firmly against the surface
Respiratory support measures
  • Administration of oxygen
  • Mask ventilation using a hand-held ventilation bag or a ventilator
  • positive airway pressure using nasal CPAP
  • mechanical ventilation after intubation
  • in surfactant deficiency syndrome , surfactant is administered through the endotracheal tube
  • After mask ventilation and intubation or after applying a nasal CPAP, a gastric tube is placed on the drain for aspiration prophylaxis and to ventilate the stomach

Depending on the extent of the respiratory insufficiency, one or a combination of several measures is necessary.

Measures for transport in an ambulance
  • Parents information and enable you to contact the child beforehand
  • Safe positioning of the child as with first aid (possibly on a gel mattress, the head of the child may be held in the hand), with stable premature babies, a kangaroo transport is also possible. B. the mother is held with straps on the rescue stretcher and the child is fixed lying on his stomach with the help of a sling
  • Close observation of the child (skin color, thorax excursion, self-breathing, etc.) before and during transport in good lighting
  • Monitoring of breathing, EKG, oxygen saturation, if necessary blood pressure and temperature also by means of a monitor
  • Monitoring the ventilator
  • the transport incubator is connected to the power supply of the ambulance to keep the heat supply constant
  • possibly switch on the vehicle heater
  • the transport incubator is connected to the vehicle's gas supply
  • Place the manual ventilation bag with a suitable mask, a stethoscope, suction catheter and sterile gloves of the correct size within reach
  • Check the suction system for functionality
  • the supply of infusion solutions via syringe pumps is monitored and checked for effectiveness
  • If possible, no vibrations during transport
  • Documentation of the monitoring parameters, therapy, characteristics and names of the accompanying persons in the transport log
  • quick and careful handover of the infant to the intensive care unit

Care problems in premature babies

  • Risk of circulatory instability
  • Temperature instability due to insufficient heat regulation
  • Danger of lack of oxygen due to insufficient spontaneous breathing and tendency to apnea
  • Risk of complications such as aspiration, cerebral hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis
  • impaired nutrition due to the immaturity of the digestive tract and poorly developed sucking and swallowing reflexes
  • lack of day-wake rhythm
  • Risk of infection due to the immaturity of the immune system
  • changed parent-child relationship due to early birth and intensive care of the baby
  • Stress caused by staying in the intensive care unit (light, noise level, unpleasant touch, e.g. sucking off, taking blood, constantly changing social contacts, ...)

Tasks of premature baby care in the intensive care unit

  • Observation and support of breathing
  • Observation of the circulation
  • Observation and measures to maintain and regulate body heat
  • Design of the environment and daily routine suitable for premature babies
  • Conscious organization of the daily routine to support the development of a regular sleep-wake rhythm
  • Preservation of oral sensitivity and promotion of the sucking and swallowing reflex
  • Food intake support
  • Observation and assistance with the elimination
  • Prevention of a cerebral hemorrhage
  • Support in the development of physiological movement patterns
  • Prevention of head or skeletal deformation
  • Protection against infection
  • Care of the skin
  • Family-oriented care
  • Care with the help of the incubator or a warming bed

See also

literature

  • Mechthild Hoehl, Petra Kullick (Hrsg.): Health and child care. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-13-110693-3 .
  • Care today. Textbook for nursing professions. Urban and Fischer at Elsevier, 2004, ISBN 3-437-26770-1 .
  • Vimala Schneider: Baby Massage: Practical Instructions for Mothers and Fathers. Kösel-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-466-34452-2 .
  • Bettina Mähler, Karin Osenbrügge: The first weeks with the baby. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek 2002, ISBN 3-499-61704-8 .
  • Anne Pulkkinen: PEKiP: Supporting babies through play. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8338-1176-5 .

Web links

Commons : Baby care  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikibooks: The baby book  - learning and teaching materials

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 102.
  2. ↑ Premature birth and premature babies - causes and precautions for avoiding premature birth .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) arzt-aspekte.de, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.arzt-aspekte.de
  3. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 6.
  4. ↑ a b M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: Health and Child Nursing . 3. Edition. 2008, p. 584.
  5. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 585.
  6. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 584, 585.
  7. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 586.
  8. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 586, 587.
  9. ↑ a b c M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: Health and Child Nursing . 3. Edition. 2008, p. 587.
  10. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 587.
  11. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 588.
  12. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 588.
  13. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 594.
  14. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 590-591.
  15. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 643.
  16. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 644.
  17. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 647.
  18. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 649.
  19. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 651.
  20. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 652.
  21. ↑ a b M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: Health and Child Nursing . 3. Edition. 2008, p. 598.
  22. ↑ Care Today. 2nd Edition. Urban and Fischer, 2001, p. 504.
  23. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 497, 498.
  24. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 499.
  25. ^ Christopher Bergland: The Neuroscience of Calming a Baby. In: Psychology Today. April 22, 2013, accessed September 15, 2018 .
  26. ↑ Gianluca Esposito, Sachine Yoshida, Ryuko Ohnishi, Takefumi Kikusui, Tadafumi Kato, Kumi O. Kuroda: Infant Calming Responses during Maternal Carrying in Humans and Mice . In: Current Biology . tape 23 , no. 9 , May 6, 2013, p. 739-745 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2013.03.041 (English, cell.com ).
  27. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 595.
  28. ↑ Basic information on baby care . medicinefo.de
  29. ↑ a b M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: Health and Child Nursing . 3. Edition. 2008, p. 413.
  30. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 597.
  31. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 418.
  32. ↑ Care Today. 2nd Edition. Urban and Fischer, 2001, p. 499.
  33. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 418.
  34. ↑ Care Today. 2nd Edition. Urban and Fischer, 2001, p. 499.
  35. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 418, 419.
  36. ↑ Care Today. 2nd Edition. Urban and Fischer, 2001, p. 498.
  37. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 418, 419.
  38. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 420, 421.
  39. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 595, 596 and 597
  40. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 367.
  41. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 596.
  42. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 388, 389.
  43. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 389, 390.
  44. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 186, 187.
  45. ↑ Evaluation report BSK. (PDF; 2.4 MB)
  46. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 188.
  47. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 547, 548.
  48. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 552.
  49. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 548, 549.
  50. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 552, 553.
  51. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 595.
  52. ↑ See for example Hildegard Jorch: Sudden Infant Death - Reducing the Risk. (No longer available online.) In: Online Family Handbook. State Institute for Early Education, archived from the original on May 14, 2014 ; accessed on May 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.familienhandbuch.de
  53. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 623.
  54. ↑ a b c d M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: Health and Child Care. 3. Edition. 2008, p. 624.
  55. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 624, 625.
  56. ↑ M. Hoehl, P. Kullick: health and pediatric care. 3. Edition. 2008, pp. 625, 626.