S-100 proteins

The proteins of the multi- gene family S-100 are calcium- binding proteins with a low molecular weight (9–13 kDa ) and a large number of cellular functions (e.g. phosphorylation ).

Among the S-100 proteins include 19 members in a variety of cell types expressed are:

S100B is mainly expressed in glial cells but also in adipocytes , melanocytes and chondrocytes .
S100A1 is found in cardiomyocytes , salivary glands , kidneys , muscle cells and nerve cells of the hippocampus .
S100A6 is found in connective tissue and muscle tissue.
Calprotectin (S100A8 / S100A9-heterotetramer) is used to detect leukocytes in inflamed tissue, especially in the intestine in ulcerative colitis , Crohn's disease and other inflammatory processes from stool samples. The serum value serves as an alternative inflammation marker.
S100A9 is used as a screening parameter for prostate cancer .

Use in diagnostics

Since the respective subtypes of the proteins only occur in certain cell types, they are suitable for medical diagnostics. Changes in concentration allow conclusions to be drawn about diseases in the respective cells and tissues.

Histopathology

In histopathological diagnostics, S-100 antibodies are used to differentiate certain tumor cells that are typically S-100-positive (e.g. chondroid tumors, gliomas , schwannomas , melanomas ) immunohistochemically from S-100-negative tumors.

neurology

In neurological diagnostics, the determination of the S-100B protein concentration is used as a marker for brain damage. It is assumed that after brain damage (e.g. after a stroke or a traumatic brain injury) there is a release of S-100B proteins from glial cells in cerebrospinal fluid into the blood, which can be used diagnostically. Various studies have shown a relatively high negative predictive value that can be used to rule out mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) within a few hours after the accident with a simple blood analysis. On the other hand, S100 increases in serum are not very specific: they have also been observed in marathon and long-distance runners and do not reflect real damage to the brain, but are based on a release from the skeletal muscles.

Individual evidence

↑ Prostate cancer early detection: Protein S100A9 with high informative value . (PDF) In: Dtsch Arztebl , Volume 102, No. 33, 2005, pp. A-2201 / B-1861 / C-1761.
↑ M Otto, S Holthusen, E Bahn, N Söhnchen, J Wiltfang, R Geese, A Fischer, CD Reimers: Boxing and Running Lead to a Rise in Serum Levels of S-100B Protein . In: International Journal of Sports Medicine . tape 21 , no. 8 , November 2000, ISSN 0172-4622 , p. 551-555 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2000-8480 .
^ Hasselblatt et al .: Serum S100beta increases in marathon runners reflect extracranial release rather than glial damage. In: Neurology. Volume 62, 2004, pp. 1634-1636. PMID 15136701 .
↑ Biberthaler P, Mussack T, Wiedemann E, et al : Evaluation of S-100b as a specific marker for neuronal damage due to minor head trauma . In: World Journal of Surgery . 25, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 93-7. PMID 11213162 .
↑ Biberthaler P, Linsenmeier U, Pfeifer KJ, et al : Serum S-100B concentration provides additional information fot the indication of computed tomography in patients after minor head injury: a prospective multicenter study . In: Shock . 25, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 446-53. doi : 10.1097 / 01.shk.0000209534.61058.35 . PMID 16680008 .

[1] Prostate cancer early detection: Protein S100A9 with high informative value . (PDF) In: Dtsch Arztebl , Volume 102, No. 33, 2005, pp. A-2201 / B-1861 / C-1761.

[2] M Otto, S Holthusen, E Bahn, N Söhnchen, J Wiltfang, R Geese, A Fischer, CD Reimers: Boxing and Running Lead to a Rise in Serum Levels of S-100B Protein . In: International Journal of Sports Medicine . tape 21 , no. 8 , November 2000, ISSN 0172-4622 , p. 551-555 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2000-8480 .

[3] Hasselblatt et al .: Serum S100beta increases in marathon runners reflect extracranial release rather than glial damage. In: Neurology. Volume 62, 2004, pp. 1634-1636. PMID 15136701 .

[4] Biberthaler P, Mussack T, Wiedemann E, et al : Evaluation of S-100b as a specific marker for neuronal damage due to minor head trauma . In: World Journal of Surgery . 25, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 93-7. PMID 11213162 .

[5] Biberthaler P, Linsenmeier U, Pfeifer KJ, et al : Serum S-100B concentration provides additional information fot the indication of computed tomography in patients after minor head injury: a prospective multicenter study . In: Shock . 25, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 446-53. doi : 10.1097 / 01.shk.0000209534.61058.35 . PMID 16680008 .