Satsuma (fruit)
The Satsuma ( Jap.薩摩) ( Citrus × unshiu ) is from southern Japan native citrus ( Citrus ). It makes sweet, almost seedless and slightly acidic citrus fruits. The Satsuma is not identical to the mandarine ( C. reticulata ), although its fruits are also traded as seedless "mandarins" in Europe. Of the commercially important citrus fruits, Satsuma trees have the greatest tolerance to low temperatures and ripen relatively early without requiring large amounts of heat .
description
The Satsuma grows as a small, evergreen tree with an irregular, spreading crown. The branches occasionally hang over and are almost thornless. The leaves are relatively large, lanceolate in shape, tapering at both ends, with a trickle tip . The petiole is long and widened.
The fruit is sweet and usually seedless. It is about the size of a mandarin, that is, smaller than an orange. The fruit peel can be easily removed. The interior is divided into ten to twelve segments. The sacs that fill the segments are short and wide. They contain the orange pulp. Occasional seeds are light green inside.
designation
In Japan it is called Unshū Mikan ( Japanese 温州 蜜柑 ), Mikan for short ( 蜜柑 ). The name Unshū could refer to the Chinese region of Wenzhou (also outdated: Wenchow), although Satsuma was previously only known in Japan. In the US it is called Satsuma Mandarin , in the UK Satsuma Tangerine or Satsuma Orange .
The first description of Satsuma as a species, by Wassili Markowitsch as Citrus unshiu , was published in 1921, whereby unshiu is an outdated transcription for Unshū. However, the species status was always controversial; In some cases, the Satsuma has long been regarded as a variety or cultivated form of the mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ). This resulted in some synonyms as a variety, such as Citrus nobilis var. Unshiu Swingle , Citrus reticulata var. Unshiu Blanco or as a cultivar Citrus reticulata 'Unshiu'.
Genetic origin
Recent genetic studies show that the Satsuma probably goes back to a cross between the tangerine varieties Kunenbo and Kishuu mikan . It is Kishuu mikan the donor of the maternal genome , such as at independent from nuclear genome inherited chloroplast DNA has proven that is identical in two lines. The lack of kernels (seeds) is due to a genetic incompatibility that suppresses the formation of pollen , so that only sterile pollen is formed, so that sexual reproduction can no longer occur. The different Satsuma varieties and breeding lines are traced back to spontaneous mutations in the vegetative shoot tissue, which give rise to deviating breeding lines in asexual reproduction (via grafting ). In contrast to the clementine produced in the Mediterranean region, the Satsuma does not contain oranges.
The tangerine itself, as a kind of Citrus reticulata , is usually regarded as one of the three parent species from which all other citrus fruits are hybridized . Here, too, recent genetic studies show that the situation is more complex. According to this, the genome of Citrus maxima , the grapefruit , has already been crossed into the original mandarin varieties of East Asia, which were previously considered to be representatives of Citrus reticulata . Since mandarins also produce seeds via asexual reproduction ( apomixis ), the genetic variability of all Citrus reticulata derivatives is relatively low. The actual original species Citrus reticulata can currently only be reconstructed from its genome in the hybrid descendants; it has either not yet been sequenced or has even died out. All the sequenced mandarins were found to be genetically very similar (with the exception of the Chinese mangshan , which unexpectedly represents a previously unrecognized citrus species named Citrus mangshanensis ). All cultivated mandarins go back to hybridization.
According to genetic knowledge, the Satsuma is not a species of its own, but a breeding line of the cultivated mandarin, which goes back to the crossing of different mandarins and a number of independent somatic mutations. The cultivated mandarin itself is genetically modified by crossing the genome of the grapefruit compared to its parent species (unknown in the wild).
distribution
The Satsuma is assumed to have originated in Japan, although the exact region of origin has not been proven. The name Satsuma is derived from Satsuma (Han) , the former name of a territory in what is now Kagoshima Prefecture in southern Japan. Their cultivation there has been proven since the 17th century. In Europe it was first known in the 19th century through the research reports of the natural scientist Philipp Franz von Siebold . Since the Japanese name for the fruit is probably derived from that of the Chinese province of Wenzhou (see above), from where numerous similar citrus fruits are known, it is assumed that it originated in China. A Chinese researcher noted the similarity to the Chinese mandarin variety Bendiguangju , which may have been the ancestral form of Satsuma. This is genetically closely related to or identical to the Kunenbo mandarin ( Citrus nobilis var. Kunip Tanaka).
Satsuma is grown today in Japan , Spain , Central China , Korea , Turkey , on the Black Sea in Russia , in Sicily , in southern South Africa and in South America . In Japan, the Satsuma is the most important cultivated citrus fruit, with 45,500 hectares of cultivation area it occupies 62.5 percent of the citrus cultivated areas (status: 2014). It is also grown in smaller quantities in California and North Florida , where a few smaller towns are named after the fruit.
Economical meaning
See: Economic Importance of the Tangerine
literature
- W. Reuther, HJ Webber, LD Batchelor (Eds.) (1967): The Citrus Industry. Vol. 1 & 2. University of California. [1]
Web links
- The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida (English)
- PLANTanswers - Texas Cooperative Extension (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Citrus unshiu in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c Hiroshi Fujii, Satoshi Ohta, Keisuke Nonaka, Yuichi Katayose, Toshimi Matsumoto, Tomoko Endo, Terutaka Yoshioka, Mitsuo Omura, Takehiko Shimada (2016): Parental diagnosis of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) Revealed by nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. Breeding Science 66 (5): 683-691. doi: 10.1270 / jsbbs.16060 (open access)
- ↑ G. Albert Wu et al. (2014): Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication. Nature Biotechnology 32: 656-662. doi: 10.1038 / nbt.2906 (open access)
- ↑ Jose Carbonell-Caballero, Roberto Alonso, Victoria Ibañez, Javier Terol, Manuel Talon, Joaquin Dopazo (2015): A Phylogenetic Analysis of 34 Chloroplast Genomes Elucidates the Relationships between Wild and Domestic Species within the Genus Citrus. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32 (8): 2015-2035. (open access) doi: 10.1093 / molbev / msv082