Shizuki Tadao

Shizuki Tadao: Sakokuron (manuscript copy, late Edo period)

Kurosawa Okinamaro (Ed.): Ijinkyōfu-den . This print of Shizuki Tadaos Sakokuron , published in 1850, was banned by the Tokugawa government immediately after its publication.

Shizuki Tadao ( Japanese 志 筑 忠雄 , * 1760 in Nagasaki , Japan ; † August 16, 1806 there) was a Japanese interpreter and translator who exerted a strong influence on the development of the local "Hollandkunde" ( Rangaku ) .

Life

Shizuki Tadao was born as the fifth son of Nakano Yōsuke ( 中 野 用 助 ) in Nagasaki, where his father worked for the Mitsui , one of the three large trading families of the Edo period. He was adopted early on by Shizuki Magojirō ( 孫 次郎 ), an interpreter from the Dutch trading post Dejima , as the future head of the 8th generation of the family and thus also as the successor in office. In addition to his nickname Tadajirō ( 忠 次郎 ), he used the names Ryūho ( 柳 圃 ) as an author , later mainly Tadao and Eichō ( 盈 長 ).

In 1776 he was hired as a training interpreter (keikotsūji) at the trading post . This actually marked his further career with a gradual ascent to "small interpreter" (kotsūji) and "great interpreter" (ōtsūji) . But he gave up this position in 1782 or 1786 because of his ailing constitution and became a private student of the interpreter Motoki Ryōei ( 本 木 良 永 ), who was well versed in western astronomy . From then on he mainly dealt with Western literature, trained private students and wrote over 40 translations and other writings. Like many of the texts of that time, these circulated extensively in the form of handwritten copies and exerted a strong influence on the "Hollandkundler" (rangakusha) . The Japanese language owes him a number of new words.

About half of Shizuki's surviving writings are excerpts from Western books on astronomy and physics that had reached Japan in Dutch editions. Through his translations, he invented new forms such as inryoku ( 引力 ' attraction ' ), enshinryoku ( 遠 心力 ' centrifugal force ' ), kyūshinryoku ( 求 心力 ' centripetal force ' ), jūryoku ( 重力 ' force of gravity ' ), kasoku ( 加速 ' acceleration ' ) and daen ( 楕 円 ' ellipse ' ) in Japanese vocabulary. With the "New Book on Calendar Phenomena" ( Rekisho Shinsho ) from 1802, his compatriots got to know Isaac Newton's physics and heliocentrism . Furthermore, mathematical symbols such as +, -, ÷ and √ appear for the first time in a Japanese text. The underlying book, the Dutch edition of John Keill's Introductio ad veram astronomiam, selectiones astronomicae , also contains a treatise on spherical trigonometry , which Shizuki made known under the title “Secret Tradition of the Triangular Calculus ” ( 三角 算 秘 伝Sankakusan hiden ).

About a third of his writings are devoted to the grammar of the Dutch language . These contributed to a considerable increase in the number of local language studies. Among the grammatical terms he coined, hinshi ( 品 詞 'part of speech , word class' ) entered modern Japanese. Other writings deal with questions of geography and abroad.

With the increasing number of attempts at contact by Western ships, Japan’s relations with other countries became more and more conscious of those in power as well as of the general population. During his studies Shizuki came across a treatise by the Japanese researcher Engelbert Kaempfer on the relationship between Japan and the outside world. During his translation, he condensed the cumbersome, long title of Kaempers into “Treatise on the State Degree” ( sakoku-ron ). The term sakoku , which was introduced into the Japanese language as a result, established itself in the second half of the 19th century as a key term for characterizing Japanese foreign policy in the Edo period, also in common usage.

For medicine and pharmaceuticals has only been a work known ( kaijo Yakuhin-ki ).

While many contemporary "Holland historians" concentrated on the practical application of European science and technology, Shizuki followed Western scientific thinking in his writings. Thanks to his profound knowledge of Chinese literature ( 漢学 Kangaku ) and national studies ( 国学 Kokugaku ), he also tried to integrate elements of Japanese tradition in his interpretations. Among his students are well-known pioneers of Holland studies such as Baba Sajūrō ( 馬 場 佐 十郎 , 1787–1822), Yoshio Gonnosuke ( 吉雄 権 之 助 , 1785–1831), Ōtsuki Genkan ( 大 槻 玄 幹 , 1785–1838) and Suetsugu Tadasuke ( 末 次. Tadasuke) 忠 助 , 1765-1838).

Shizuki's personal life as well as the circumstances of his death are unknown. The grave has not survived either.

Important writings

• Bankoku kanki , 1782 万 国 管闚 (excerpts from various travel works)
• Tenmon kanki , 1782–85 天文 管闚 (astronomy)
• Kaijō yakuhinki , 1783 海上 薬 品 記 (Pharmaceutical recipes)
• Dōgaku shinan , 1785 動 学 指南 (Introduction to Mechanics)
• Kaki happōden , 1787 火器 発 法 伝 (physics, weapon science)
• Hachiengi oyobi sono yōhō no ki , 1798 八 円 儀 及其 用法 之 記 (translation by Cornelis Douwes Beschryvinge van het octant en deszelfs gebruik . Amsterdam: Joannes van Keulen, 1749)
• Sakokuron , 1801 鎖 国 論 (translation by Engelbert Kaempfers Onderzoek, of het van belang is voor 't Rijk van Japan om het zelve geslooten te houden, gelijk het nu is, en aan desselfs Inwooners niet toe te laaten Koophandel te drijven met uijtheemsche Natien' t zij binnen of buijten 's Lands from the appendix by Kaempfers De beschryving van Japan , 1733)
• Rekishō Shinsho , 3 parts, 1798–1802 暦 象 新書 (translation of John Keill's Inleidinge tot de waare natuur- en sterrekunde, of de natuur- en sterrekundige lessen van den heer Johan Keill ...: waar by gevoegt zyn deszelfs negotiating over de platte en klootsche driehoeks-rekeninge, over de middelpunts-kragten en over de Wetten der aantrekkinge , Leiden: Jan en Hermanus Verbeek, 1741)
• Nikoku kaimeiroku , 1806 二 国会 盟 録 (excerpt from Jean-François Gerbillon's Relations du huit Voyages dans la Grande Tartarie (1688–98) with a description of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Nerchinsk )
• Sankakusan hiden , 三角 算 秘 伝 (The first Japanese description of spherical trigonometry can be found here)

• Oranda hinshi-kō , 和 蘭 詞 品 考 ("Considerations on the parts of speech in Dutch")

literature

• Watanabe, Kurasuke: Oranda tsūji Shizuki-shi jiryaku . Nagasaki Gakkai Sōsho 4. Nagasaki, 1957 ( 渡 辺 庫 輔 『阿蘭 陀 通 詞 志 筑 氏 事略』 長崎 学会 叢書, 第 4 輯 )
• Ōmori, Minoru: Shizuki Tadao "Kaki happō-den" ni tsuite. In: Gunji Shigaku. 8 (3), 1972, pp. 34–48 ( 「志 筑 忠雄「 火器 発 法 伝 」に つ い て」 『軍事 史学』 )
• Rangaku no furonteia - Shizuki Tadao no sekai . Nagasaki: Nagasaki Bunkensha, 2007 ( 『蘭 学 の フ ロ ン テ ィ ア - 志 筑 忠雄 の 世界』 長崎 文献 社 ) ISBN 978-4-88851-079-0 .
• Harada, Hiroji: Shizuki Tadao-ke ni tsuite. In: Rangaku no furonteia. P. 20–27 ( 原田 博 二 「阿蘭 陀 志 筑 家 に つ い て」 )
• Tanaka-Van Dalen, Isabel: Oranda-shiryō kara mita Nagasaki-tsūji - Shizuki Tadao wo chūshin ni. In: Rangaku no furonteia. P. 28–43 ( イ サ ベ ル ・ 田中 ・ フ ァ ン ・ ダ ー レ ン 「オ ラ ン ダ 史料 か か ら 見 た 長崎 通 詞 - 志 筑 家 を 中心 に」 )
• Oshima, Akihide: Shizuki Tadao "Sakokuron" no tanjō to sono juyō. In: Rangaku no furonteia. P. 110–122 ( 大 島 明 秀 「志 筑 忠雄 訳「 鎖 国 論 」の の 誕生 と そ の 受 容」 )
• Matsuo, Ryūnosuke: Nagasaki-rangaku no kyojin - Shizuki Tadao to sono jidai . Fukuoka: Genshobō, 2007 ( 松尾 龍之介 『長崎 蘭 学 の 巨人 - 志 筑 忠雄 と そ の 時代』 、 弦 書房 ) ISBN 978-4-902116-95-3 .
• Oshima, Akihide: Sakoku to iu gensetsu - Kenperu-cho, Shizuki Tadao-yaku "Sakokuron" no juyōshi . Kyoto: Minerva 2009 ( 大 島 明 秀 『「 鎖 国 」と い う 言 説 - ケ ン ペ ル 著 ・ 志 筑 忠雄 訳『 鎖 国 論 』の 受 容 史』 ミ ネ ル ヴ ヴ ァ 書房 ) ISBN 97812-4-623 .
• Matsuo, Ryūnosuke: Shizuki Tadao no jikka - Nakano-ke ni kansuru nōto. In: Yōgakushi Kenkyū. 26, pp. 105–111 Fukuoka: Genshobō, 2007 ( 松尾 龍之介 「志 筑 忠雄 の 実 家 - 中 野 家 に 関 す る ノ ノ ト」 『洋 学 史 研究』 ) ISBN 978-4-902116-95-3 .
• Kobayashi, Tatsuhiko: Nakano Tadao-shū "Sankakusan hiden" ni tsuite. In: Narutaki Kiyō. 10, 2010, pp. 1–12 ( 小 林龍彦 「中 野 忠雄 輯「 三角 算 秘傳 」に つ い い て」 、 『鳴 滝 紀要』 )
• Ōshima, Akihide: Izumiya-ke kyūzō "Orandago bunpōsho" to Shizuki Tadao "Joshi-kō". In: Narutaki Kiyō. 29, 2018, pp. 1–8 ( 大 島 明 秀 「泉 屋 家 旧 蔵「 オ ラ ン ダ 語文 法 書 」と 志 志 筑 忠雄「 助詞 考 」」 、 『鳴 滝 紀要』 )
• Ōshima, Akihide: Kobe Shiritsuhakubutsukan-zō Shizuki Tadao-jo "Bankoku kanki" nitsuite. In: Kokubun Kenkyū. 64, 2019, pp. 51–68 ( 大 島 明 秀 「神 戸 市立 博物館 蔵 、 有志 筑 忠雄 序「 万 国 管闚 」に つ つ い て」 、 『国文 研究』 )
• Ōshima Akihide: Ranbun wayakuron no tanjō - Shizuki Tadao "Rangaku seizenfu" to Sorai-Norinaga-gaku. In: Gazoku. 18, 2019, pp. 37–54 ( 大 島 明 秀 「蘭 文 和 訳 論 の 誕生 - 志 筑 忠雄「 蘭 学生 前 父 」と 徂 徠 ・ 宣 長 学」 、 『雅俗』 )
• Yoshida, Tadashi: Shizuki Tadao - Dokusōteki shisōka. In: Michel, W./Torii,Y./Kawashima, M .: Kyūshū no Rangaku - Ekkyō to kōryū . Kyoto: Shibunkaku Shuppan, 2009, pp 102-108 ( 吉田忠「志筑忠雄-独創的思索家」ヴォルフガング·ミヒェル·鳥井裕美子·川嶌眞人共編「九州の蘭学-越境と交流」思文閣出版 ) ISBN 978-4-7842-1410-5 .

Web links

• Evidence of important writings by Shizuki Tadao in the Database of Pre-Modern Japanese Works ( National Institute of Japanese Literature )

Notes, individual references

1. ↑ The author Kaempfer is shown as "Kenperu, Far West"
2. ↑ In the Japanese calendar 10th year of the motto Hōreki
3. ↑ In the Japanese calendar the 3rd day of the 7th month in the 3rd year of the motto Bunka
4. ↑ A compact overview is provided by Yoshida Tadashi, 2009.
5. ^ Matsuo Ryūnosuke, 2007, 2009.
6. ↑ In the Japanese calendar the 3rd year of the motto An'ei
7. ↑ Watanabe Kurasuke., 1957
8. ↑ Harada Hiroji, 2007; Isabel Tanaka-Van Dalen, 2007.
9. ↑ Ōshima Akihide, 2018. 2019.
10. ↑ The treatise was first published by Kaempfer in his work Amoenitates Exoticae, printed in 1713 , and added to the appendix to Kaempfer's History of Japan (original title: Today's Japan ) by Johann Caspar Scheuchzer in 1727 . This book was published in French in 1729 and in a Dutch version in 1733 ( Het Beschrijving van Japan ).
11. ↑ The underlying Dutch title is: Onderzoek, of het van belang is voor 't Ryk van Japan om het zelve geslooten te houden, gelyk het nu is, en aan desselfs inwooners niet toe te laaten koophandel te dryven met uytheemsche natien' t zy within buyten's lands .
12. ↑ Ōshima Akihide, 2007, 2009.

Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . Thus Shizuki is the family name, Tadao the first name.