Treaty of Nerchinsk

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Treaty of Nerchinsk

The Treaty of Nerchinsk ( Russian: Нерчинский договор , Nerčinskij dogovor; Chinese : Níbùchǔ tiáoyuē尼布楚 條約) between Tsarist Russia and the Qing Empire is the first (Qing) China agreement with a European state.

backgrounds

In the course of the Russian conquest of Siberia , armed Russian expeditions reached Chinese areas of influence in the Far East in the 1640s: Ivan Moskwitin reached the region of today's Okhotsk in 1639, and in 1644 Cossacks under Vasily Pojarkov sailed the Amur for the first time to its confluence with the Silent Ocean . In 1649, Okhotsk, the first Russian port on the Pacific coast, was founded. There were armed clashes between Russian Cossack associations, the troops of the Qing dynasty and local Tungus , which dragged on for four decades.

Content of the contract and consequences

Under the mediation of the Jesuits , especially Jean-François Gerbillon , there were negotiations between the Russian ambassador Golovin and the Messenger of Beijing Songgotu in the Russian city Nertschinsk . The on August 27th jul. / 6th September  1689 greg. concluded contract regulated the border in the Amur region. The Qing Empire received the area up to the mountain range north of the Amur and its tributaries as well as the Russian fortress Albasin . Due to the fact that the geographical names in the different versions of the treaty differed from one another - the treaty was drawn up in the five languages Manchurian , Chinese, Mongolian , Russian and Latin - the exact borderline remained unregulated. The treaty meant significant territorial losses for Russia, which were only changed in the treaty of Aigun (1858) and the Beijing Convention (1860) in favor of Russia and at the expense of Qing China.

At the same time, the right to free trade across this border was guaranteed, with Russia in particular making strong use of this right as a result. The trade was soon affected by smuggling and later restricted due to a conflict between the Djungars and the Qing dynasties and a flow of Mongolian refugees into Siberia. In 1722, the Qing Empire closed the border. At the initiative of Russia, a new treaty was negotiated in 1727. In the Kyakhta Treaty , Russia undertook to guard the border in exchange for the right to send a caravan to China every three years. However, trade developed only slowly after that.

The Treaty of Nerchinsk led to the construction of a trade route from Russia to China, the Siberian Tract , which played an important role in the development of Siberia.

See also

literature

  • Vincent Chen: Sino-Russian Relations in the seventeenth century , The Hague, Nijhoff 1966.
  • Прасковья Т. Яковлева: Первый русско-китайский договор 1689 года , Издательство Академии наук СССР, Москва 1958.
  • Joseph Sebes: The Jesuits and the Sino-Russian treaty of Nerchinsk (1689): The Diary of Thomas Pereira SJ (= Bibliotheca Instituti Historici SI Bd. 18, ZDB -ID 843749-x ). Institutum Historicum SI, Rome 1961 (also: Cambridge MA, Harvard-Yenching-Inst., Diss., 1958).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Matthias Meyn, Thomas Beck and Manfred Mimler: The construction of the colonial empires . 1st edition. Beck, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-406-30373-0 , pp. 555 .
  2. ^ A b c Hans-Joachim Torke: Lexicon of the history of Russia - from the beginnings to the October revolution . CH Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30447-8 , pp. 250-251 .
  3. ↑ Liliya M. Gorelova: Manchu Grammar . Brill, Leiden / Boston / Cologne 2002, p. XI.