1689

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1689
After the Glorious Revolution , Wilhelm III. and Mary II jointly King and Queen of England .	The Nerchinsk treaty defines the border between Russia and China in the Amur region.
In the Palatinate War of Succession , French troops plunder the royal tombs in Speyer Cathedral .
1689 in other calendars
Armenian calendar	1137/38 (turn of the year July)
Ethiopian calendar	1681/82 (turn of the year 10/11 September)
Bengali solar calendar	1094/95 (beginning of April 14th or 15th)
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)	1745/46 (turn of the year April)
Buddhist calendar	2232/33 (southern Buddhism); 2231/32 (alternative calculation according to Buddha's Parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	73rd (74th) cycle Year of the Earth-Snake己巳 ( at the beginning of the year Earth-Dragon 龙 辰)
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)	1051/52 (turn of the year April)
Dangun era (Korea)	4022/23 (October 2/3)
Iranian calendar	1067/68
Islamic calendar	1100/01 (New Year 14/15 October)
Jewish calendar	5449/50 (September 14/15)
Coptic calendar	1405/06 (September 10/11)
Malayalam calendar	864/865
Seleucid era	Babylon: 1999/2000 (turn of the year April) Syria: 2000/01 (New Year October)
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)	1745/46 (turn of the year April)

Events

Politics and world events

Glorious Revolution in England

→ Main article : Glorious Revolution

• January: The English parliament meets and appoints Wilhelm III. of Orange as King of England .
• February 13th : According to the Declaration of Rights passed by parliament, the English king has to convene parliament at regular intervals and needs its approval for the collection of taxes and duties, the use of torture and the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime. In addition, the law establishes the immunity of members of parliament: They enjoy complete freedom of speech in the lower house and in future only have to answer for offenses before the latter, but no longer before the king or his courts.
• March 12th : The former English King James II lands with 5,000 French in Ireland and subordinates almost the entire island to his rule.
• April 11th : William of Orange and his wife Maria II are crowned together in London in the first and to this day only double coronation.
• May 24th : The tolerance act of the English parliament grants the nonconformists ( dissenters ), members of parishes who have separated from the Anglican official church for reasons of belief , limited religious freedom .
• July 27th : Scottish royalists ( Jacobites ) with " Bonnie Dundee " at the head defeat English troops under General Hugh Mackay at the Killiecrankie bottleneck . Dundee dies by a stray bullet, robbing the Scottish Uprising of its strong leadership.

Bill of Rights

• October 23 : The Parliament on February 13, first as a Declaration of Rights ( Declaration of the Rights combined) principles of the new royal couple William III. and Mary II recognized. They lead to the Bill of Rights .
• December 16 : The Bill of Rights is passed. The law regulates the rights of the British Parliament vis-à-vis royalty and is considered one of the fundamental documents of parliamentarism.

War of the Palatinate Succession

• January: French troops burn down towns south of the Neckar as planned during the War of the Palatinate Succession .
• February 16 : French troops under Ezéchiel de Mélac and René de Froulay de Tessé blow on the orders of minister of war François-Michel Le Tellier , the Heidelberg Castle .
• March 2nd : Heidelberg is set on fire by the French.
• March 5th : Mannheim is burned down by French troops.
• Emperor Leopold I declares the imperial war against France.
• May 11 : The sea ​​meeting off Bantry Bay between the English and French fleets ends in a draw.
• May 12th : The Augsburg alliance is expanded by the accession of England and the Netherlands to the Vienna Grand Alliance against the Sun King Louis XIV .
• May 31st : French troops plunder the royal graves in Speyer Cathedral and set fire to the household items that are supposedly safely stored in the cathedral. The church building is badly damaged by the fire. On the same day, the French destroy the city of Worms . The cathedral and numerous residential and religious buildings in the city fell victim to the great city fire.
• June: The French move through the Electoral Palatinate and devastate the country. Among other things, the Brühl moated castle is destroyed.

Siege of Mainz 1689, copper engraving, Paris, 1756

• July 26th to September 8th : The siege of Mainz ends with the surrender of the French occupiers.
• August 19 : The Staffort moated castle is blown up by the French.
• October 12 : The siege of Bonn ends with the surrender of the French troops. The last French bastion in Kurköln thus falls .

Great Turkish War

• May 20 : During the second Crimean campaign , a large Russian army reaches Perekop , but is unable to take the fortress.
• October 26th : During the Great Turkish War , the city of Skopje, which had been abandoned by many residents and the Ottoman occupation, was set on fire by Austrian troops on this and the following day and was badly destroyed by the flames.

Holy Roman Empire / Denmark

• Through the Altona Treaty , Duke Christian Albrecht of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf gets his lands back from Denmark through the mediation of the imperial, Brandenburg, Electoral Saxon, Dutch and English envoys. The guarantee powers of the treaty are Sweden, England and the Netherlands.

France

• The first uprising of the Protestant camisards was put down after around four years .

Russia / China

• September 6th : The Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia , China's first agreement with a European power, defines the border between the two countries in the Amur region .
• October 6 : Peter I becomes sole ruler in Russia after the fall of the regent Sofia Alexejewna .

North America

• King William's War , the first of the French and Indian Wars , the North American scene in the Palatinate War of Succession, begins.

science and technology

• In the second volume of Atlantica, Olof Rudbeck describes the supposed inscription on the Vinsastenen for the first time .

Culture

• January 26th : The tragedy Esther by Jean Racine , with music by Jean-Baptiste Moreau , premieres in the girls' boarding school in Saint-Cyr .
• Enrico Zuccalli , the court architect of Elector Maximilian II. Emanuel creates the Schleissheim Canal .

religion

Pope Alexander VIII

• October 6th : Pietro Vito Ottoboni is elected Pope and gives himself the name Alexander VIII.

Disasters

• April 19 : The decoration ignites during an opera performance in the theater of the Danish palace Amalienborg . The theater and the castle, to which the flames spread, are destroyed in the fire . 171 people die, among them the composer Johann Lorentz .

Born

First half of the year

Baron de Montesquieu, 1728

• January 18 : Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu , French writer, philosopher and state theorist of the Enlightenment († 1755 )
• January 26 : Johann Jacob Leu , encyclopedia, mayor of Zurich and banker († 1768 )

• March 17 : Johann Christian Adami the Younger , German theologian († 1753 )

• April 14 : Ferdinand Zellbell , Swedish composer († 1765 )

• May 15 : Gebhard Christian Bastineller , German legal scholar († 1755 )
• May 26 : Mary Wortley Montagu , English writer († 1762 )

Second half of the year

• 0July 6th : Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein , Archbishop and Elector of Mainz and Bishop of Worms († 1763 )
• 0July 9 : Alexis Piron , French lawyer and writer († 1773 )

• 0August 8 : Wenzel Lorenz Reiner , Baroque painter in Bohemia († 1743 )
• August 19 : Samuel Richardson , British writer († 1761 )

• 0September 1 : Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer , Bohemian builder of the late Baroque († 1751 )
• September 17 : Ferdinand Karl Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden , Habsburg military († 1772 )
• September 30th : Jacques Aubert , French violinist and composer († 1753 )

• October 17 : Marie-Nicole Horthemels , French engraver and etcher († 1745 )
• October 22 : John V ("the generous one", o Magnânimo ), King of Portugal from the House of Braganza († 1750 )
• October 23 : Johann Christoph Freiherr von Bartenstein , Austrian statesman and diplomat of German origin († 1767 )

• November 21 : Jacques I , Prince of Monaco († 1751 )
• November 24th : Gaspare Diziani , Venetian painter, draftsman, engraver, set designer and restorer († 1767 )

• December 23 : Joseph Bodin de Boismortier , French flautist and harpsichordist († 1755 )
• December 25 : Conrad Iken , German Protestant clergyman († 1753 )
• December 27 : Jacob August Franckenstein , German legal scholar and editor († 1733 )

Exact date of birth unknown

• Shah Abdul Latif , Sufi scholar and classical poet of Sindh († 1752 )

Died

First half of the year

• 0January 7th : James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk , English nobleman (* 1620 )
• January 10 : Rudolph Wilhelm Krause the Elder , German legal scholar and Chancellor of Saxony-Weimar (* 1612 )
• January 14 : Georg Wiegner , German lawyer and mayor of Dresden (* 1607 )

• February 18 : Johann Christfried Sagittarius , German church historian and Lutheran theologian (* 1617 )
• February 25 : Khushal Khan Khattak , Pashtun poet (* 1613 )

• April 16 : Aphra Behn , English writer (* 1640 )
• April 18 : George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys , English Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice in England and Wales (* 1645 )

Christina's grave in St. Peter's Basilica

• April 19 : Christina I , Queen of Sweden (* 1626 )
• April 19 : Johan Lorentz , Danish composer (* around 1610 )

• 0May 2 : Wilhelm Leyser II , German lawyer and jurist (* 1628 )
• May 17 : Ernst Ludwig Avemann , German politician and diplomat (* 1609 )

• 0June 7th : Catherine Bellier , French chambermaid and mistress (* 1614 )

Second half of the year

• 0July 7th : Luise Christine von Savoyen-Carignan , Margravine of Baden-Baden (* 1627 )
• July 13 : Johann Volkmar Bechmann , German legal scholar (* 1624 )
• July 27th : John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee , Scottish nobleman (* 1648 )
• July 31 : Wolfgang Gundling , German Protestant preacher, deacon and chapter dean and church writer (* 1637 )

• 0August 6 : Dorothea Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , Electress of Brandenburg (* 1636 )
• August 11 : Václav (Jan) Rosa , Czech linguist, poet and lawyer (* around 1620 )

Glass coffin Pope Innocent XI. in St. Peter's Basilica

• August 12th : Benedetto Odescalchi , under the name of Innocent XI. Pope (* 1611 )
• August 13 : Maximilian , Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (* 1636 )

• September 13 : Ciro Ferri , Italian painter (* 1633 )
• September 15 : Balthasar Cellarius , German Protestant theologian (* 1614 )
• September 26th : August , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (* 1652 )
• September 26 : Jacob Ferdinand Voet , Flemish portrait painter (* 1639 )

• 0October 4 : Quirinus Kuhlmann , German writer (* 1651 )
• 0October 5 : Johannes Scheibler , German Protestant clergyman (* 1628 )
• 0October 7th : Jakob Dietlof von Arnim , Kurbrandenburg colonel, major general and captain (* 1645 )
• 0October 9 : Heinrich Balthasar Roth , German legal scholar (* 1639 )
• October 13 : Johann Georg Lorenz , German educator (* 1627 )
• October 14 : Adolf Johann I , Swedish Reichsmarschall, Duke of Stegeborg and Pfalz-Kleeburg (* 1629 )
• October 24 : Stephan Farfler , clockmaker, possibly the first to build a wheelchair (* 1633 )

• November 13th : Philipp von Zesen , German Baroque poet (* 1619 )
• November 14 : Adam Christoph Jacobi , German lawyer (* 1638 )

• 0December 2 : Ewald von Kleist , Kurbrandenburg diplomat (* around 1615 )
• December 29th : Thomas Sydenham , English doctor of the baroque period (* 1624 )

Exact date of death unknown

• Johann Aken , German painter
• Pjetër Bogdani , Albanian Bishop of Shkodra and Archbishop of Skopje
• Charles Errard , French painter, engraver and architect

Web links

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