1610

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Heads of State · Nekrolog

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1610
François Ravaillac murders King Henry IV of France .	Maria de 'Medici takes over the reign of her underage son Ludwig XIII.
Galileo Galilei discovers the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter .
1610 in other calendars
Armenian calendar	1058/59 (turn of the year July)
Ethiopian calendar	1602/03 (September 10/11)
Bengali solar calendar	1015/16 (beginning of April 14th or 15th)
Buddhist calendar	2153/54 (southern Buddhism); 2152/53 (alternative calculation according to Buddhas Parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	71st (72nd) cycle Year of the Metal Dog庚戌 ( at the beginning of the year Earth Rooster 己酉)
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)	972/973 (turn of the year April)
Dangun era (Korea)	3943/44 (October 2/3)
Iranian calendar	988/989
Islamic calendar	1018/19 (turn of the year 25/26 March)
Jewish calendar	5370/71 (September 17/18)
Coptic calendar	1326/27 (September 10-11)
Malayalam calendar	785/786
Seleucid era	Babylon: 1920/21 (turn of the year April) Syria: 1921/22 (turn of the year October)
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)	1666/67 (April)

Events

Politics and world events

France

• May 13 : In the cathedral of Saint-Denis , Maria de 'Medici , the wife of the French King Henry IV , is crowned Queen of France by Cardinal François de Joyeuse in great splendor . In the event of the absence or death of Heinrich, who is planning an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands to help the Reformed princes in the Holy Roman Empire, she can now take over the reign of the minor Dauphin Ludwig.

The execution of François Ravaillac

• May 14th : Henry IV is assassinated in Paris. He is followed by his eldest son, Ludwig XIII. on the throne. Immediately after the assassination of Henry, Queen Mother Maria de 'Medici secured the function of regent for the minor by means of a parliamentary resolution, with significant help from the Duke of Épernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette . The regicide François Ravaillac was sentenced to death by the Grand'chambre des Parlements on May 27th and publicly executed on the Place de Grève on the same day after brutal torture by being divided into four by means of horses. His parents are expelled from the country and the rest of the family instructed never to use the name Ravaillac again.

Louis XIII, painted by Frans Pourbus the Younger (1611)

• October 17th : Louis XIII. is crowned King of France in Reims Cathedral. Regent Maria de 'Medici revised some of Heinrich's strategies, particularly by seeking an alliance with the Spanish Habsburgs.

Polish-Russian War

• February 4th : In the Treaty of Tuschino between the Polish King Sigismund III. Vasa and the boyar , who was opposed to the Russian tsar Vasily IV Shuisky , agreed between the two parties to crown the son of the Polish king, Władysław , as tsar and to limit the tsar's power. Ultimately, the contract will never be implemented.
• July 4th : The Polish hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski defeats the Moscow relief army in the battle of Kluschino . The remnants of the Swedish relief corps withdraw to Novgorod, the Russian contingent is diverging.
• July 17th : After the defeat of the Russian army at Kluschino in the war with Poland-Lithuania on July 4th, Tsar Vasily IV is overthrown by domestic political opponents and shorn to a simple monk. The interregnum of Russia marks the climax of the so-called " time of turmoil ". Government responsibility is assumed by a seven-member boyar council . After this defeat, Moscow has nothing more to oppose to the Polish army, led by Stanisław Żółkiewski , whereupon they take Moshaisk , Volokolamsk and Dmitrov .
• August 27 : After the fall of Wassilis, the boyar council elects King Sigismund III after an agreement with Stanisław Żółkiewski. still young son Władysław IV. Wasa to the tsar.
• September 20 : The Polish army under Stanisław Żółkiewski reaches Moscow and occupies the Moscow Kremlin .
• October – December: Sigismund III. Wasa , in negotiations with the Moscow envoys, rejects the electoral capitulations agreed between Wladyslav and the Boyar Council because he himself has ambitions for the throne and is not prepared to make any concessions in advance. The talks are broken off, the Russian negotiators interned.

Jülich-Klevian succession dispute

• July 29th : The siege of Jülich by French-Dutch troops begins as part of the Jülich-Klevian succession dispute .

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  Siege of the city of Jülich

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  Siege of the city of Erkelenz

• Jülich-Klevischer Succession dispute : Siege of the cities of Jülich and Erkelenz

Further events in the empire

• September 19 : Friedrich IV succeeds his son Friedrich V , who goes down in history as the winter king in 1618/19.
• Christian I von Anhalt-Bernburg becomes federal general of the Protestant Union .

Malta

• Under Grand Master Alof de Wignacourt the construction of Fort St Lucian begins , another of the Wignacourt Towers for the fortification of Malta .

Asia

• The Battle of Dimdim ends with the capture of the fortress of Dimdim, defended by the Kurds under Emîr Xan Lepzêrîn , by the attacking Safavids . All defense lawyers are then executed.

North America

• June 7 : The last survivors of the English settlement of Jamestown , Virginia , leave town downstream in the war against the Powhatan . The following day, the newly appointed governor Lord de la Warr arrives at the colony with three ships and 150 men (including about 100 soldiers). He changes the tactics of the settlers - from now on they raid the Powhatan fields and villages and burn them down.
• August 2nd : Henry Hudson drives into today's Hudson Bay in search of the Northwest Passage and thinks he is already in the Pacific Ocean .
• Santa Fe becomes the seat of the governor of New Spain, making it the oldest capital of a US state .

South America

• The first Jesuits reach the area around what is now San Ignacio Miní and start building a Jesuit reduction .

science and technology

Notes on Galileo's discovery of the moons of Jupiter

• January 7th : Galileo Galilei discovers the four largest moons ( Galilean moons ) of Jupiter , the first evidence that not all celestial bodies revolve around the earth . They are called Ganymede , Callisto , Europa and Io . He reports on the discovery in his work Sidereus Nuncius .
• November 25th : Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc discovers the Orion Nebula .
• December 13th : Thomas Harriot is the first to make private drawings of sunspots , which he does not publish.

Culture

• The Dutch East India Company brings green tea to Europe for the first time .

society

Elisabeth Báthory

On the orders of King Mathias II of Hungary, Count Georg Thurzo von Bethlenfalva storms and searches the castle of the Hungarian Countess Elisabeth Báthory on December 29th . She herself was placed under arrest a few days later on suspicion of the murder of up to 650 young girls, along with four servants.

religion

Copper engraving with the portrait of Jacobus Arminius from the Theatrum Europaeum from 1662

Protestants under the leadership of Jacobus Arminius and Simon Episcopius write a remonstrance to the Estates of the Netherlands, in which they emphasize the freedom of will and belief of the people and reject the Calvinist doctrine of predestination . From this arminianism and the religious community of the Remonstrants develop .

At the Duisburg General Synod , groundbreaking resolutions are passed on the presbyterial-synodal church order for the Reformed congregations in Germany.

Sports

• August 24th : The Schesaplana , the highest mountain in the Rätikon , is conquered for the first time by the group of three Christa Barball, Claus Manall and David Pappus von Tratzberg.

Historical maps and views

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  Dublin 1610

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  Cardiff 1610

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  Moscow 1610

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  Lancashire 1610

Born

Date of birth saved

• 0January 4 : Franz von Cramm , German court official († 1661 )
• January 21 : François Collignon , French draftsman, etcher, engraver and publisher († 1687 )

• February 13 : Jean de Labadie , French mystic and pietist separatist († 1674 )

• 0March 1 : Johann Balthasar Schupp , German writer († 1661 )
• 0March 4 : William Dobson , English painter († 1646 )
• March 10 : Hans Jakob von Koseritz , electoral Saxon nobleman, member of the Fruitful Society († 1648 )

• April 22nd : Pietro Ottoboni, under the name Alexander VIII Pope († 1691 )
• May 29 : Maria Cunitz , German astronomer († 1664 )
• July 14 : Ferdinand II , Grand Duke of Tuscany († 1670 )

• 0September 6 : Francesco I. d'Este , Duke of Reggio and Modena († 1658 )
• September 21 : Michael Wendler , German moral philosopher and Lutheran theologian († 1671 )
• September 24 : Huang Zongxi , Chinese philosopher, political analyst, and historian († 1695 )

• October 19 : James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde , Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier († 1688 )
• October 28 : Jakob Kettler , ruler of Courland († 1682 )

• November 20 : Othmar Appenzeller , Mayor of St. Gallen († 1687 )

Exact date of birth unknown

• Adam Adami , Prior of St. Jakob, Prior of Murrhardt, Titular Bishop of Hierapolis and Auxiliary Bishop in Hildesheim († 1663 )
• Johan Garmann , Norwegian civil servant and businessman († 1673 )

Born around 1610

• Jan Asselijn , Dutch landscape and history painter († 1652 )
• Thomas Thynne , English nobleman and politician († 1669 )

Died

Date of death secured

• February 22nd : Polykarp Leyser the Elder , German Lutheran theologian (* 1552 )
• 0March 7th : Marie von Sachsen-Weimar , 31st abbess of the Reichsstift von Quedlinburg (* 1571 )
• March 19 : Salentin von Isenburg , Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cologne from 1567 to 1577 (* 1532 )
• April 15 : Robert Parsons , English Jesuit and politician (* 1546 )

• 0May 3 : Mikhail Wassiljewitsch Skopin-Shuiski , Russian military leader and statesman (* 1586 )
• May 11 : Matteo Ricci , Italian priest and missionary in China (* 1552 )

Henry IV.

• May 14 : Henry IV , King of France (* 1553 )
• May 24th : Joachim a Burck , German composer (* 1546 )
• May 27 : François Ravaillac , murderer of Henry IV of France (* 1578 )

• June 13th : Thomas Tesdale , English maltster (* 1547 )

Posthumous portrait of Caravaggio by Ottavio Leoni , around 1614

• July 18 : Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio , Italian painter of the early Baroque (* 1571 )

• 0August 5th : Alonso García de Ramón , Spanish officer and governor of Chile (* 1552 )
• August 23 : Antonie von Lothringen , Duchess of Jülich-Kleve-Berg (* 1568 )
• August 25 : Johann Debel , German philologist and Lutheran theologian (* 1540 )

• September 19 : Friedrich IV. Of the Palatinate , Elector Palatinate and leader of the Protestant Union (* 1574 )
• 0October 6 : Hosokawa Fujitaka , Japanese prince and poet (* 1534 )
• October 26 : Francesco Vanni , Italian painter (* 1563 )
• 0November 2 : Richard Bancroft , Archbishop of Canterbury (* 1544 )

• December 11 : Adam Elsheimer , German painter (* 1578 )
• December 21 : Pseudodimitri II , Russian pretender to the throne
• December 21 : Katharina Wasa , Princess of Sweden and Countess of East Friesland (* 1539 )
• December 31 : Ludolph van Ceulen , Dutch mathematician (* 1540 )

Exact date of death unknown

• July: Jean Errard de Bar-le-Duc , French mathematician, engineer and fortress builder (* 1554 )

• Anne Cooke Bacon , English author (* 1527/28)

Web links

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