List of heads of state 1610

Overview
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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Sissinios (1607–1632)

Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Ngapina (1590–1629)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Muhammad VI. Bukalmarami (1596-1612)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Penda (1605–1649)

Kano
- King: Muhammad Zaki (1582-1618)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro II. (1587-1614)

Morocco ( Saadier ) (1610 divided into Fez and Marrakesh)
- Sultan : Zaydan an Nasr (1603–1610)
- Fez
  - Sultan : al-Mamun (1610-1613)
- Marrakesh
  - Sultan : Zaydan an Nasr (1610–1628)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Gatsi Rusere (1589–1623)

Rwanda
- King : Ruganzu II. (1600-1624)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Adlan I (1606–1611 / 12)

America

Brazil (1608–1612 split into Bahia and Rio de Janeiro)
- Bahia
  - Governor General: Diogo de Meneses e Sequeira (1608–1613)
- Rio de Janeiro
  - Governor General: Francisco de Sousa (1609–1611) (1590–1602 Governor General of Brazil)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Luis de Velasco y Castilla ( 1590–1595 , 1607–1611) (1596–1604 Viceroy of Peru)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Juan Manuel de Mendoza y Luna (1607–1615) (1603–1607 Viceroy of New Spain)

Asia

Burma
- Arakan
  - King: Razagri (1593-1612)
- Taungu
  - King : Anaukpetlun (1606–1628)

Brunei
- Sultan : Hassan (1605-1619)

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Wanli (1572-1620)

Georgia
- Imereti
  - King : Giorgi III. (1605-1639)
- Kakheti
  - King : Teimuras I (1605–1614, 1615–1616, 1623–1633, 1636–1648 )
- Kartlien
  - King : Luarsab II (1605–1616)
- Mingrelia
  - Prince : Mamuka I. Dadiani (1590–1611)

India
- Ahom (in today's Assam)
  - King : Susenghphaa (1603–1641)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Ahmadnagar
    - Sultan: Murtaza Shah II (1600–1610)
    - Sultan: Burhan Nizam Shah III. (1610–1631)
  - Bidar
    - Sultan: Amir Barid Shah III. (1609-1619)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627)
  - Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
    - Sultan: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612)
- Madurai
  - Nayak : Muttu Virappa Nayak (1609–1623)
- Mughal Empire
  - Mughal Mughal : Jahangir (1605–1627)
- Mysore (in what is now Karnataka)
  - Maharaja: Wadiyar I (1578-1617)
- Portuguese India
  - Viceroy : Rui Lourenço de Távora (1609–1612)
- Vijayanagar (in South India)
  - King : Venkata II. (1586–1614)

Indonesia
- Aceh
  - Sultan : Iskandar I. Muda (1607–1636)
- Johor
  - Sultan : Alauddin Riayat Shah III. (1597-1615)
- Dutch East Indies
  - Governor General : Pieter Both (1610–1614)

Japan
- Emperor (Tennō) : Go-Yōzei (1586–1611)
- Shogun : Tokugawa Hidetada (1605-1623)

Cambodia
- King : Barom Reachea IV. (1603-1618)

Kazak Khanate
- Khan : Yesim Khan (1598–1628 / 35)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Gwanghaegun (1608–1623)

Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Voravongse II. (1596–1621)

Nepal
- Bhaktapur
  - King : Trailokya Malla (1560-1613)
- Kantipur
  - King : Siva Simha Malla (1583–1619) (1609–1619 King of Lalipur)
- Lalitpur
  - King : Siva Simha Malla (1609–1619) (1583–1619 King of Kantipur)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Shah : Abbas I (1587–1629)

Philippines
- Maguindanao
  - Sultan: According to Buisan (1597–1619)
- Sulu
  - Sultan: Muwallil Wasit (1610-1650)

Sri Lanka
- Jaffna
  - King : Ethirimana Cinkam (1591-1616)
- Kandy
  - King : Senarat (1604–1629)
- Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilaõ)
  - Governor General : Jerónimo de Azevedo (1594–1613) (1612–1617 Viceroy of Portuguese India)

Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
- King : Ekathotsarot (1605–1610)
- King: Si Saowaphak (1610-1611)

Vietnam
- Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Kính Cung (1593–1625)
- Champa
  - King : Po Ramé (1627–1644)
- Lê dynasty
  - King: Lê Kính Tông (1600–1619)
- Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
  - Ruler: Nguyễn Hoàng (1558–1613)
- Trinh
  - Ruler: Trinh Tung (1570–1623)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Henry IV (1562–1610)
  - King of France: Louis XIII. (1610-1643)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Bernat de Salbà i de Salbà (1610–1620)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian IV (1588–1648)

England , Ireland and Scotland
- King : James I (1603–1625) (1567–1625 as James VI. In Scotland)

France
- King : Henry IV (1589–1610)
- King: Louis XIII. (1610-1643)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Rudolf II. (1576–1612) (1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Elector : Ernst von Bayern (1583–1612) (1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Principality of Mainz
    - Elector : Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg (1604–1626)
  - Archbishopric of Trier
    - Elector : Lothar von Metternich (1599–1623)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - Elector : Rudolf II. , (1575–1611) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1576–1608 King of Hungary, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Johann Sigismund (1608–1619) (1608–1619 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Friedrich IV. (1583–1610)
    - Elector: Friedrich V (1610–1623) (1619–1620 King of Bohemia)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Christian II. (1591-1611)
- spiritual imperial princes
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Heinrich V. von Knöringen (1599–1646)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Gottfried I of Aschhausen (1609–1622) (1617–1622 Bishop of Würzburg)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Wilhelm Rinck von Baldenstein (1608–1628)
  - Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
    - Provost : Ferdinand von Bayern (1594–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (1567–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1596–1634) (1607–1634 administrator of Lübeck, 1631–1634 administrator of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Christoph Andreas von Spaur (1601–1613)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Jean Richardot (1609–1614)
  - Hochstift Cammin (1557–1650 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Franz von Pommern (1602–1618) (1618–1620 Duke of Pomerania-Stettin)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann V. Flugi (1601–1627)
  - Corvey Abbey
    - Abbot : Dietrich von Beringhausen (1585–1616)
  - Balleien of the Teutonic Order
    - Hoch- und Deutschmeister : Maximilian of Austria (1590-1618)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Konrad von Gemmingen (1594–1612)
  - Prince Provost Ellwangen
    - Provost : Johann Christoph von Westerstetten (1603–1613) (1612–1637 Bishop of Eichstätt)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1566–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Fulda Abbey
    - Abbot : Johann Friedrich von Schwalbach (1606–1622)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Administrator : Heinrich Julius von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1566–1613) (1589–1613 Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1582–1585 Administrator of Minden)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1573–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Prince Abbey of Kempten
    - Abbot : Heinrich von Ulm-Langenrhein (1607–1616)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Jakob Fugger (1604–1626)
  - Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1607–1634) (1596–1634 administrator of Bremen, 1631–1634 administrator of Verden)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1581–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Christian Wilhelm von Brandenburg (1598–1631) (1625–1628 administrator of Halberstadt)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Administrator : Christian von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1599–1625) (1611–1633 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1584–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Administrator : Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1591–1623) (1586–1623 Administrator von Verden)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1585–1616)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Leopold of Austria (1598–1626) (until 1605 coadjutor) (1607–1626 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery (1554–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Karl von Mecklenburg (1592–1610) (1603–1610 Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
    - Administrator: August I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1610–1636) (1633–1636 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Wolfgang von Hausen (1600–1613) (1584–1603 Provost of Ellwangen)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612)
  - Hochstift Schwerin (1533–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Ulrich II of Denmark (1603–1624)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Eberhard von Dienheim (1581–1610)
    - Bishop: Philipp Christoph von Sötern (1610–1652) (1623–1652 Archbishop of Trier)
  - Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
    - Abbot : Ernst von Bayern (1581–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Leopold of Austria (1607–1626) (1598–1605 coadjutor of Passau, 1605–1626 bishop of Passau)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo (1600–1629)
  - Hochstift Verden (1568–1630 and 1634–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1586–1623) (1591–1623 Administrator of Osnabrück)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Wilhelm von Efferen (1604–1616)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1573–1617) (1576–1602 administrator of Fulda)
- Secular imperial princes
  - Principality of Anhalt
    - Anhalt-Bernburg
      - Prince : Christian I (1603–1630)
    - Anhalt-Dessau
      - Prince : Johann Georg I (1603–1618) (1586–1603 Prince of Anhalt)
    - Anhalt-Koethen
      - Prince : Ludwig I (1603–1650)
    - Anhalt-Zerbst
      - Prince : Rudolf (1603–1621)
  - Arenberg
    - Prince : Karl (1576–1616) (1568–1576 count)
  - Margraviate of Baden
    - Baden-Baden (occupied by Baden-Durlach 1594–1622)
      - Margrave : Georg Friedrich (1604–1622)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave : Georg Friedrich (1604–1622)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Maximilian I (1597–1651) (Elector from 1648) (1623–1648 Elector of the Palatinate)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Joachim Ernst (1603–1625)
  - Brandenburg-Bayreuth
    - Margrave : Christian (1603–1655)
  - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
    - Duke : Ernst II (1592–1611)
  - Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
    - Duke : Heinrich Julius (1589–1613) (1566–1613 administrator of Halberstadt, 1582–1585 administrator of Minden)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt
    - Landgrave : Ludwig V (1596–1626)
  - Hessen-Kassel
    - Landgrave : Moritz the Scholar (1592–1627)
  - Jülich (1609–1614 Jülich-Klevian succession dispute )
  - Leuchtenberg
    - Landgrave : Georg IV. Ludwig (1567–1613)
  - Liechtenstein
    - Prince : Charles I (1608–1627)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Heinrich II. (1608–1624)
  - Duchy of Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Karl I (1603–1610) (1592–1610 administrator of Ratzeburg)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Adolf Friedrich I (1592–1628, 1631–1658 ) (1631–1648 administrator of Schwerin)
  - Austria
    - Archduke : Matthias (1608–1619) (1612–1619 Emperor, 1611–1617 King of Bohemia, 1608–1619 King of Hungary)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg
    - Count : Philipp Ludwig (1569–1614)
  - Palatinate-Veldenz
    - Duke : Georg Gustav (1592–1634)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
    - Duke : Johann II. (1604–1635)
  - Duchy of Pomerania
    - Pomerania-Szczecin
      - Duke : Philip II (1606-1618)
    - Pomerania-Wolgast
      - Duke : Philipp Julius (1592-1625)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Saxony-Altenburg
      - Duke : Johann Philipp (1603–1639)
    - Saxe-Coburg
      - Duke : Johann Casimir (1586–1633)
    - Saxony-Eisenach
      - Duke : Johann Ernst (1596–1638)
    - Saxe-Weimar
      - Duke : Johann Ernst I (1605–1620)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg
    - Duke : Francis II (1581–1619)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
    - Duke : Johann Adolf (1590–1616) (1585–1596 administrator of Bremen, 1586–1607 administrator of Lübeck)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
    - Duke: Johann (1564–1622)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Johann Friedrich (1608–1628)
- other imperial estates (selection)
  - Hanau-Lichtenberg
    - Count : Johann Reinhard I (1599–1625)
  - Hanau-Munzenberg
    - Count : Philipp Ludwig II. (1580–1612)
  - Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
    - Count : Johann Christoph (1592-1620)
  - Hohenzollern-Hechingen
    - Count : Johann Georg (1605–1623) (from 1623 Prince)
  - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    - Count : Johann (1605–1638) (from 1623 Prince)
  - lip
    - Count : Simon VI. (1563-1613)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Beilstein
        Count : Georg (1607–1620) (1620–1623 Count of Nassau-Dillenburg)
      - Nassau-Diez
        Count : Ernst Casimir (1607–1632) (1620–1632 governor of Friesland, 1625–1632 governor of Groningen and Drenthe)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Count : Wilhelm Ludwig (1607–1620) (1584–1620 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
      - Nassau-Hadamar
        Count : Johann Ludwig (1607–1653) (prince since 1650)
      - Nassau victories
        Count : Johann VII. (1607–1623)
    - Walramic line
      - Nassau-Saarbrücken and Nassau-Weilburg
        Count : Ludwig II. (1602–1627) (1593–1602 Count of Nassau-Ottweiler)
  - Oldenburg
    - Count : Anton Günther (1603–1667)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : George IV (1603–1627)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Count : Enno III. (1599-1625)
  - Reuss
    - Reuss older line
      - Reuss-Burgk
        
        Lord :: Heinrich II. (1608–1639)
        
        Lord: Heinrich III. (1608-1616)
        
        Lord: Heinrich IV. (1608–1616) (1616–1636 Lord of Reuss-Döhlau)
      - Reuss undergrowth
        
        Lord : Heinrich IV. (1604–1616) (1616–1625 Lord of Reuss-Greiz, 1625–1629 Lord of Reuss-Obergreiz)
        
        Lord: Heinrich V. (1604–1616, 1625–1667 ) (1616–1625 Lord of Reuss-Greiz, 1643–1667 Lord of Reuß-Burgk)
    - Reuss middle line
      - Reuss overburden
        Lord : Heinrich XVIII. ( 1578–1597 , 1607–1616) (1596–1616 Herr von Reuß-Schleiz)
      - Reuss-Schleiz
        Lord : Heinrich XVIII. (1596–1616) (1578–1597, 1607–1616 Herr von Reuss-Obergreiz)
    - Reuss younger line
      - Reuss-Gera
        Lord : Heinrich II. (1572–1635)
  - Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg
    - Count : Ernst (1601–1622)
  - Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    - Count : Karl Günther (1605–1630)
  - Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (common rule)
    - Count : Günther XLII. (1586-1643)
    - Count: Anton Heinrich (1586–1638)
    - Count: Johann Günther II. (1586–1631)
    - Count: Christian Günther I. (1586–1642)
  - Waldeck-Eisenberg
    - Count : Wolrad IV. (1607–1640) (1588–1607 Count of Waldeck)
  - Waldeck Wildungen
    - Count : Christian (1607–1637) (1588–1607 Count of Waldeck)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Agostino Luciani Pinello (1609–1611)
- Guastalla
  - Count : Ferrante II. Gonzaga (1575–1632) (from 1621 duke)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Paul V (1605-1621)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
  - Duke : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Governor : Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo (1600–1610)
    - Governor: Juan Fernández de Velasco ( 1592–1595, 1595–1600 , 1610–1612)
- Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
  - Duke : Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1612)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Prince : Alberico I. Cybo-Malaspina (1554–1623)
- Mirandola
  - Prince : Alessandro I. Pico (1602–1637) (from 1619 Duke)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Cesare d'Este (1597–1628)
- Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
  - Duke : Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1612)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Viceroy : Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera, Duke of Benavente (1603–1610)
    - Viceroy: Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade, Count of Lemos (1610–1616)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ranuccio I Farnese (1592–1622)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Emperor Rudolf II (1603–1611)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Girolamo Gozi and Lattanzio Valli (1609–1610)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Fabrizio Belluzzi and Giambattista Fabbri (1610)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Gio. Andrea Belluzzi and Sebastiano Onofri (1610–1611)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Karl Emanuel I (1580–1630)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Viceroy : Juan Fernández Pacheco, Duke of Escalona (1606–1610)
    - Governor: Cardinal Giovanni Doria (1610–1611, 1616, 1624–1626, 1639–1641 )
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Cosimo II. De 'Medici (1609–1621)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Francesco Maria II. Della Rovere (1574–1631)
- Venice
  - Doge : Leonardo Donà (1606–1612)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Canibek Giray (1610-1623, 1628-1635 )

Courland
- Duke : Friedrich Kettler (1595–1616, 1617–1642 ) (in Semgallia)
- Duke: Wilhelm Kettler (1595–1616) (in Courland)

Malta
- Grand Master : Alof de Wignacourt (1601–1622)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Constantin Movilă ( 1607 , 1607–1611)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Honoré II. (1604–1662) (from 1633 Prince)

Netherlands (rule disputed Eighty Years War )
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648)
  - Friesland
    - Governor : Wilhelm-Ludwig von Nassau-Dillenburg (1584–1620) (1606–1620 Count of Nassau-Dillenburg)
  - Groningen and Drenthe
    - Governor : Wilhelm-Ludwig von Nassau-Dillenburg (1584–1620) (1606–1620 Count of Nassau-Dillenburg)
  - Holland and Zeeland
    - Governor : Moritz of Orange (1585–1625)
  - Overijssel and Gelderland
    - Governor : Moritz of Orange (1590–1625)
  - Utrecht
    - Governor : Moritz of Orange (1589–1625)
- Spanish Netherlands (1598–1621 independent rule of Albrecht VII and his wife Isabella Clara Eugenia) (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
  - Governor : Albrecht VII of Habsburg (1596–1621) (1583–1585 Viceroy of Portugal)
  - Governor: Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (1598–1621)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Ahmed I (1603-1617)

Poland
- King : Sigismund III. Wasa (1587–1632) (1592–1599 King of Sweden)

Portugal (1580–1640 personal union with Spain)
- King : Philip II (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Spain)
  - Viceroy : Cristóbal de Moura, Marqués de Castel Rodrigo ( 1600–1603, 1603 , 1608–1612)

Prussia
- Duke : Johann Sigismund (1608–1619) (1608–1619 Elector of Brandenburg)

Russia
- Tsar : Vasily IV. (1606–1610)
- Tsar: Władysław Wasa (1610–1613) (1632–1648 King of Poland)

Sweden
- King : Charles IX. (1599–1611) (imperial governor until 1604)

Transylvania
- Prince : Gabriel Báthory (1608–1613)

Spain
- King : Philip III. (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Matthias II (1608–1619) (1612–1619 Emperor, 1611–1617 King of Bohemia, 1608–1619 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Radu Șerban (1602–1611)