Dietrich von Fürstenberg
Dietrich von Fürstenberg (also Theodor von Fürstenberg , Theodericus liber baro a Furstenberg or Theodor von Paderborn ; * October 7, 1546 at Castle Waterlappe near Ense ; † December 4, 1618 at Neuhaus Castle near Paderborn ) was Prince-Bishop of Dietrich IV Paderborn . During his time there were violent disputes with the estates and the beginning of the Catholic re-denomination of the country.
Family, education and benefices
Dietrich comes from the lower Westphalian noble family of the Fürstenbergs , who became an increasing power factor in the spiritual territories of Westphalia in the 16th century. The son of the Cologne councilor Friedrich von Fürstenberg and the daughter of Drosten zu Lichtenau and Wünnenberg Maria von Westphalen grew up in a family characterized by spiritual careers. Five out of nine siblings took up ministry. Brother Friedrich became cathedral capitular in Mainz and Paderborn , sister Ottilia became abbess in Neuenheerse and Oelinghausen , sister Anna became abbess in Oelinghausen after Ottilia's death. Ursula became a Cistercian in the Himmelpforten monastery . The other siblings married into the Paderborn pin nobility . The most important brother was Caspar von Fürstenberg , later Landdroste of the Duchy of Westphalia . Dietrich and Caspar had a very close personal but also a lordly relationship.
Friedrich von Fürstenberg had his sons educated by the then well-known humanist Friedrich Beurhaus at the Archigymnasium in Dortmund. Thereafter, he studied at the Jesuit-led Tricoronatum in Cologne, and at the age of 17, Dietrich was the owner of the parish and the land dean of Wormbach , later the parish of Attendorn and the provost office in the Meschede monastery . A special step in his career was the acquisition of the canon priests in Paderborn in the same year. A year later he also became canon in Trier .
Election and ordination as bishop
In 1577 Dietrich von Fürstenberg became provost of the cathedral . Already at this time he was considered a possible candidate for the office of bishop. During this time he was the leader of a Catholic minority in the cathedral chapter, which was strongly influenced by Protestantism. Nevertheless, in view of the predominantly Protestant nobility, he succeeded in enforcing the provision that in future only Catholics could be admitted to the chapter. After the death of Bishop Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg , Caspar von Fürstenberg in particular campaigned for the election of his brother. Although he had not yet had the higher ordinations and, contrary to the provisions of the Council of Trent, held several prebenders, he was elected Prince-Bishop of Paderborn as Dietrich IV on June 5, 1585 and confirmed by Pope Sixtus V on October 7, 1585 . In the election surrender he promised the protection of Catholicism and the expulsion of non-Catholic preachers. The legation to Rome was financed by Caspar.
While he was still not at the time of taking office orders , had he settled between 27 and 30 July 1589 from Cologne auxiliary bishop in succession in the monastery Böddeken the Subdiakonats-, diaconate, priesthood and consecrated bishop donate. For the exercise of pontifical acts, he sought the help of auxiliary bishops from neighboring dioceses.
Family policy
Together with his brothers Caspar and Friedrich, canon in Mainz, Dietrich continued efforts to strengthen his own family. In 1615 he acquired the Neufürstenberg estate in Neheim and in 1618 the Herdringen estate . Both acquisitions were important for the future development of the family. When Dietrich had to do without his prebendors after his election as bishop , he tried to keep them in his own family. In various cases, this was partly achieved through detours. This failed in the case of the Paderborn Dompropstei. This was given by the Pope to the Canon Walter von Brabeck. The cathedral chapter saw its voting rights violated and, supported by Dietrich and Caspar von Fürstenberg, filed a lawsuit at the Roman curia . Pope Sixtus V ended the dispute with the threat of excommunication. But one day before the establishment of the Brabecks on November 25, 1589, Dietrich filed a lawsuit against him for manslaughter, which eventually petered out. If the Fürstenberg family was also defeated in the dispute over the position of provost, they were given a canon position. In 1589 Dietrich and Caspar succeeded in enforcing the postulation of Sister Ottilia as abbess in Neuenheerse. This not only served to strengthen the family, but also as protection against a possible transition of the monastery to the Protestant camp.
Counter-Reformation politics
Catholic confessionalization
At the end of the 16th century, Paderborn Abbey was marked by conflicts of denominationalization . Not only the large cities of the principality had almost completely converted to Lutheranism , but also the most important aristocratic families , so that whole regions were influenced by Protestants. With Dietrich's predecessor Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg even a Protestant had been elected Prince-Bishop of Paderborn.
In the year of his election he introduced the Gregorian calendar in Paderborn . Since 1586 he carried out regular diocesan synods, with the help of which the Catholic doctrine in the clergy was to be consolidated. He also ordered periodic visitations to the individual parishes in order to monitor the implementation of the decisions of the Council of Trent not only in relation to the doctrine of the faith but also to the way of life of the priests (enforcement of celibacy). He was supported by Vicar General Theodor Matthisius, Auxiliary Bishop Nikolaus Arresdorf and Abbot Leonard Ruben from Abdinghofkloster .
So that books, liturgical texts and other writings corresponded to the norms of the Catholic denomination and the interests of Dietrich as sovereign, he brought the printer Matthäus Pontanus from Münster to Paderborn in 1597 and in 1608 gave him the printing monopoly for the entire Hochstift Paderborn.
As early as 1596, Dietrich instructed the clergy in his diocese to either conform to the norms of the Catholic Church or to resign from office. In 1602 he introduced a new, strictly Catholic regulation of the dispensation of the sacraments and the order of worship through an agende. A uniform hymn book was added from 1600 and 1609 respectively. In the years between 1611 and 1613 in particular, Dietrich had the pressure on Protestant laypeople increased. A marriage should only be possible after a confession made according to Catholic custom. All residents of the bishopric had to have made confession or emigrate by Easter 1613. Protestants should only be allowed to be buried in front of the city walls.
Promotion of the Jesuit order
After initial hesitation, Dietrich found the order of the Jesuits in particular suitable to implement denominationalisation. Even before he took office as bishop, Dietrich had two Jesuits from Heiligenstadt as cathedral provost in Paderborn as cathedral preachers and teachers. They had taken over teaching at the local grammar school in 1585. At first, their situation was not stable and there was only one Jesuit residence with a few members. In 1592, Dietrich donated the buildings and property of the former Minorite monastery to the order to establish the Jesuit College. There Dietrich had a new college building built from 1596 to 1605 and a new grammar school, later named Theodorianum after him, by 1614 . There were also the church and the novitiate house. In 1604 he donated his own library to the order and founded the university or academy in 1614. Dietrich subordinated this to the superior general of the order. The aim was to prevent students from migrating to neighboring Protestant areas. The main purpose of the institution was to educate the clergy. Theology and philosophy were taught. The establishment was confirmed by the Pope and the Emperor in 1614.
Witch trials
During his time there were many witch trials in the Hochstift Paderborn , z. B. the witch trials in Borchen under the syndic of the cathedral monastery, Licenciat Johann Moller .
In 1600/01 Dietrich von Fürstenberg carried out the witch trial against the prior, the subprior and two other canons of the Augustinian canon monastery in Dalheim . In 1598 the Imperial Court of Justice intervened in the witchcraft justice of the cathedral chapter.
State politics
Domestic conflicts
Together with the implementation of the Catholic denomination, Dietrich also sought to expand his secular power as sovereign. In the first phase he tried to assert his power against resistance. On the other hand, the cathedral chapter, the cities and the knighthood came together in 1590 to protect the traditional rights and privileges of the estates. Later Dietrich managed not to let a common front of the estates come against him. But the cathedral chapter in particular continued to resist the sovereign's claim to power. The cathedral dean Arnold von der Horst was one of the leaders of the opposition. Temporarily suspended by Dietrich in 1604, reconciliation took place in 1612 at the latest.
After he had strongly opposed the estates and even the cathedral chapter, Dietrich moderated his course somewhat in the 1590s. In this second phase he tried largely peaceful means to increase the reach of the Catholic denomination. But this also led to resistance. The cities and knights were particularly concerned about sectarian politics. At the Diet of 1597 they even demanded the exemption of religion. In particular, the activities of the Jesuits were criticized. The denominational aspect was also connected with secular disputes about sovereign and manorial court rights. In 1603 the knighthood was united with some cities.
Submission of the city of Paderborn
The climax was the violent crackdown on the city of Paderborn . There had been a dispute over sovereign jurisdiction in the city for a long time. From 1588 onwards there was even a trial before the Reich Chamber of Commerce . To strengthen his power in Paderborn, the bishop had used the social differences in the city to weaken the patriciate. In 1603 he even intervened in the election of the council. In 1604, however, the anti-bishop forces prevailed. The mayor Liborius Wichart was the leader of a party in the citizenship that wanted the city to be independent from the prince-bishopric. Also because the bishop began to recruit the military, the mayor put the city under siege. This put pressure on the remaining Catholic clergy. The city was largely isolated, the cathedral chapter left Paderborn, the knighthood remained passive and there was only support from a few other cities. In the meantime, Johann von Rietberg was gathering troops on behalf of the bishop. Paderborn tried in vain to seek military support from Landgrave Moritz von Hessen-Kassel . A protection treaty was concluded with the knighthood and the cities of Brakel , Lügde and Steinheim . There was no real war, as a moderate trend was gaining popularity in the city. This negotiated secretly with the bishop, so that the divided city surrendered without a fight. The Protestant mayor Liborius Wichert was quartered and the body was hung on the city gates. Paderborn largely and permanently lost the independence it had achieved over the centuries to the bishop. Protestantism was only able to persist in the city temporarily afterwards.
End of the class conflict
In 1606 the bishop felt so strong that he raised taxes on his own initiative, without the approval of the estates except the cathedral chapter. Thereupon there was another dispute with the knighthood, with cities but also with several canons who saw the "traditional custom and habits" in danger. Nevertheless, Dietrich ended his freedom to confess in the same year. A settlement was made in 1608. After that, the power of the sovereign remained limited by the rights of the estates. With the end of the conflict with the estates, Dietrich began to take more secular measures against the Protestant lay people around 1610.
Foreign policy
Dietrich was connected with Count Johann von Rietberg. Despite his Protestantism, the bishop's relationship with Simon VI. from lip tight. He also acted as a mediator when there was a dispute between the bishopric of Paderborn and Moritz von Hessen-Kassel over the state border on the Diemel . In 1597 an agreement was reached on this old dispute. As a result, the Hochstift von der Diemel in the area between Helmarshausen and Liebenau was ousted. Beverungen and Calenberg were secured in the east and south-east.
The relationship with the Archbishop and Elector of Cologne was generally good. Dietrich's brother, as Landdrost of the Cologne Duchy of Westphalia, made sure of that . The time of Archbishop Gebhard I von Waldburg, who converted to Protestantism, was an exception .
Because of his domestic political conflicts, Dietrich avoided military conflicts as much as possible. The bishopric was not entirely spared by the marching through of foreign troops in the Spanish-Dutch war. The bishop bought the intruders' withdrawal through high payments.
The bishop as builder
He expanded his episcopal residence at Schloss Neuhaus in 1590 by adding a north wing to the four-wing complex that still exists today. He also had the first university building in Paderborn, today's Theodorianum, built.
The Wewelsburg was at the beginning of Dietrich's tenure still in possession of the pledge noblemen of Büren . The bishop redeemed the pledge in 1598. This gave him a fortification in the southwest of his territory. This was particularly important in order to be able to counter the efforts of the Protestant noblemen for more independence. Dietrich had the castle expanded into a three-wing complex.
Last years and death
In the course of the arguments with the estates, Dietrich was tempted to resign from the office and it was planned to appoint a coadjutor . One of the sons of Caspar Friedrich von Fürstenberg and later Johann Gottfried von Fürstenberg was secretly chosen for this . This attempt to bring a Fürstenberger to the bishop's chair in Paderborn after Dietrich failed due to the increasing influence of the Wittelsbachers in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire . Therefore, in 1612 Ferdinand of Bavaria was elected coadjutor.
Through numerous foundations, the bishop wanted to take care of his soul during his lifetime. For example, he donated memories worth 10,000 Reichstalers to the Oelinghausen monastery. He also paid for the furnishings for the chapel on the Fürstenberg . In the Paderborn Cathedral he donated a memorial for 23,000 Reichstaler. He had a chapel renovated in front of the city of Paderborn.
epitaph
After his death at Neuhaus Castle in 1618, Dietrich was buried in Paderborn Cathedral. During his lifetime he had the largest bishop's tomb in Westphalia built by the sculptor Heinrich Gröninger . On the epitaph the bishop kneels between the coats of arms of his ancestors. Angels hold cross and crook. Above this, the bishop's coat of arms completes the main floor.
literature
- Gerhard Theuerkauf : Dietrich von Fürstenberg . In: Helmut Lahrkamp among other things: Fürstenberg history. Vol. 3: The history of the von Fürstenberg family in the 17th century, Münster 1971, pp. 28–39.
- Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: The bishops and archbishops of Paderborn. Paderborn 1984, pp. 222-228; ISBN 3-87088-381-2 .
- Alfred Bruns (arr.): The diaries of Kaspar von Fürstenberg. 2 vol., 2nd ed .; Münster 1987.
- Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pin nobility: Confession and politics of the nobility in the prince-bishopric of Paderborn (1555-1618). (= Forum for regional history 13); Münster 2006; ISBN 978-3-87023-107-1 .
- Karl Hengst : Dietrich von Fürstenberg. In: Erwin Gatz (ed.), With the assistance of Clemens Brodkorb: The Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire 1448 to 1648. A biographical encyclopedia. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-428-08422-5 .
- Jürgen Lotterer: Counter-Reformation as a struggle for sovereignty: studies on the territorial development of the Paderborn Monastery in the age of Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1585–1618). (= Studies and sources on Westphalian history, vol. 42); Paderborn 2003; ISBN 3-89710-176-9 .
- Alois Schröer: The church in Westphalia under the sign of renewal, II. Münster 1987, pp. 108-135.
- Soldan-Heppe: History of the witch trials. Volume 2, reprint of the 1911 edition, Munich, p. 55.
- Klemens Honselmann: Dietrich v. Furstenberg. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , pp. 684 f. ( Digitized version ).
- LThK IV, 1960, 470-471.
- Thomas Berger: THEODOR von Paderborn (Dietrich von Fürstenberg). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 11, Bautz, Herzberg 1996, ISBN 3-88309-064-6 , Sp. 909-912.
- Rainer Decker: The fight for Paderborn. Bishop Dietrich von Fürstenberg and the urban opposition 1600-1604 . Paderborn 1991 (Paderborn. History in Pictures - Documents - Certificates, Vol. 6). Second edition 1997
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Brandt / Hengst 1984, p. 222.
- ↑ Bruns 1987.
- ↑ In addition: Horst Conrad: Splendor Familiae. Generational discipline and politics in the Fürstenberg family. A sketch. In: Südwestfalenarchiv , vol. 6/2006, p. 112.
- ↑ a b biography on lwl.org
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 29.
- ↑ a b Thomas Berger, Theodor I. von Paderborn, in BBKL XI, Sp. 909-912.
- ^ Theuerkauf, pp. 29-30.
- ↑ a b Theuerkauf, p. 31.
- ↑ Gillner 2006 and Lotterer 2003.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, pp. 31–32.
- ↑ Hermann-Josef Schmalor: Dietrich and Kaspar von Furstenberg - Two prominent personalities of the Westphalian history. In: Oelinghauser Contributions 2019. Arnsberg, 2019 p. 35f.
- ↑ Hermann-Josef Schmalor: Dietrich and Kaspar von Furstenberg - Two prominent personalities of the Westphalian history. In: Oelinghauser Contributions 2019. Arnsberg, 2019 p. 38
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 32.
- ^ Rainer Decker: Witches' pursuit Paderborn, Hochstift .
- ↑ Theuerkauf, pp. 33–34.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 34.
- ↑ Hermann-Josef Schmalor: Dietrich and Kaspar von Furstenberg - Two prominent personalities of the Westphalian history. In: Oelinghauser Contributions 2019. Arnsberg, 2019 p. 36
- ↑ Hermann-Josef Schmalor: Dietrich and Kaspar von Furstenberg - Two prominent personalities of the Westphalian history. In: Oelinghauser contributions 2019. Arnsberg, 2019 p. 36g.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, pp. 35–36.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 33.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 37.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, p. 36.
- ↑ Theuerkauf, pp. 38–39.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Heinrich IV of Saxe-Lauenburg |
Prince-Bishop of Paderborn 1585–1618 |
Ferdinand I of Bavaria |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Dietrich von Fürstenberg |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Theodor von Fürstenberg |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Prince-Bishop of Paderborn |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 7, 1546 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Waterlappe Castle near Ense |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 4, 1618 |
| Place of death | Schloss Neuhaus in Paderborn |