Qutb Shāhī Sultanate
The Qutb Shāhī Sultanate ( Persian سلطنت قطب شاهی, DMG salṭanat-i Quṭb Šāhī ) was one of the five Dekkan sultanates that emerged from the Indian Bahmani Sultanate . It was founded in 1512 and existed until it was subjugated by the Mughal Empire in 1687. The capital was initially Golkonda , and from 1590 Hyderabad .
The Qutb-Shāhī Sultanate had a Shiite orientation. In addition, many Sufis settled here from the middle of the 16th century. The Qutb-Shāhī sultans showed great tolerance towards the predominantly Hindu population and promoted art and literature, both in the native language Telugu , as well as in Urdu and Sanskrit . They waged several wars against Bijapur and Ahmadnagar in frequently changing alliances with other Dekkan sultanates and the neighboring Hindu Empire Vijayanagar .
As for all Indian empires, property tax was the most important source of income for the Qutb Shāhī sultanate. The tax collectors had to buy the right to collect taxes in certain areas at auctions. In order to be able to compensate for the high bid payments, enormously high taxes were imposed on the farmers. The rural population therefore lived in comparatively greater poverty than, for example, the farmers in the Mughal Empire.
Golkonda period
Quli Qutb Shahi (r. 1496–1543), founder of the Qutb-Shāhī dynasty, was an adventurer from the Turkmen clan of the Qara Qoyunlu and was appointed governor of Telangana , the eastern province of the Bahmani Sultanate, in 1496 by Mahmūd Gawān . In 1512 he split off his province from the crumbling Bahmanid Empire and made himself Sultan .
Under Ibrāhīm Qutb Shāh (ruled 1550–1580), who stabilized the sultanate, Sunni Sufis immigrated to Golkonda. In 1564 Ibrāhīm was among the four sultans who allied against Vijayanagar. A year later it took part in the Battle of Talikota, in which the Hindu Empire Vijayanagar was crushed. From 1575 the empire expanded into the north-east of the Godavari , and from 1578 it penetrated southwards via the Krishna at the expense of Vijayanagar .
Muhammad Quli and the new capital Hyderabad
Muhammad Quli (r. 1580–1612) left the overpopulated fortress of Golkonda and founded his new capital Hyderabad in 1589 east of it on the right bank of the Musi River . This location was also chosen because the tomb ( mazār ) of Shāh Charāgh (d. 1543), a revered Shiite Sufi saint who had lived here under Brahmins , was located there. 1595–1596, Muhammad Quli had a hospital ( dār-i šifāʾ ) built in Hyderabad with two floors and eighty rooms. The complex also included a madrasa , mosque, caravanserai and hammam . During the reign of Muhammad Quli, many Sufis settled in Hyderabad, including the Baghdad-born Qādirīya Sufi Shāh Shiblī, as well as various followers of the Shiite Niʿmatullāhīya order. The Chishtiyya Sufi Husain Shāh Walī, who immigrated under Ibrāhīm, built the artificial lake Husain Sagar between Hyderabad and Secunderabad . Muhammad Mu'min from Astarabad , who had previously served as a prince tutor at the court of Shah Tahmasp I , acted as Muhammad Quli's prime minister ( pešwā ) . He participated in the planning of the new capital and built a mosque with a caravanserail in 1605 in Saydabad, a suburb of Hyderabad.
At the military level, Muhammad Quli was not so successful. A campaign against the northern neighboring kingdom of Bastar in 1610 failed. From the early 17th century, the Qutb Shāhī Sultanate was also exposed to a growing threat from the Mughal Empire in northern India, which was expanding into the Deccan, but it was able to hold its own against the Mughals between 1615 and 1621 together with Bijapur and Ahmadnagar.
Advance of the Mughals
Even under the long reign of ʿAbdallāh Qutb Shāh (r. 1626–1672), scholars from Iran still played an important role, for example Ibn Chātūn al-Āmulī (d. 1649), a nephew of the well-known scholar Bahāʾ al-dīn al- ʿĀmilī . He rose to Prime Minister under ʿAbdallāh and promoted the Twelve Shia. However, in 1636, after an invasion by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, ʿAbdallāh was forced to symbolically submit and to replace the twelve imams with the Sunni caliphs and the Mughal ruler in the Friday sermon .
At least Mīr Jumla, a Persian merchant who served as a general under ʿAbdallāh, was able to conquer Chandragiri, the capital of the weakened Vijayanagar, for the Qutb-Shāhī sultanate in 1646. Mīr Jumla then rose to an influential figure at the court of the weak sultan. When ʿAbdallāh took measures to limit Mīr Jumla's increase in power and personal enrichment, the latter offered his services to the Mughals. ʿAbdallāh had Mīr Jumla's son imprisoned, which Aurangzeb , the son of the Grand Mogul Shah Jahan , used as an excuse to set out on another campaign against the Qutb-Shāhīs in January 1656. Hyderabad was captured and looted. The subsequent siege of the Golkonda fortress was canceled prematurely because ʿAbdallāh obtained peace for a large sum.
During the reign of ʿAbdallāh Qutb Shāh, one of the most eccentric mystics from Delhi immigrated to Hyderabad, Barahna Shāh, the "naked king", so named because he usually walked the streets naked. He had a large following among the Iranian traders from Hyderabad. Parast Chān, a vizier of the court, built a mausoleum for him. Another important personality of his reign was Nizām ad-Dīn Ahmad Gīlānī (1585-1653) a Persian follower of the illumination philosophy , who had initially been in the service of the Mughal courtier Mahābat Chān. He came to Golkonda at the invitation of ʿAbdallāh and wrote numerous works for him on medicine, logic and the natural sciences.
The temporarily restored full independence ended in 1677: Golkonda was so weakened by the ongoing wars against the Mughal Empire that it had to recognize its nominal sovereignty again, although it had once again been able to withstand an invading army. A new invasion a few years later, however, had nothing more to do with the sultanate. In 1685 Hyderabad was conquered and sacked for the second time by Mughal troops. In September 1687, after eight months of siege, the Golkonda fortress finally fell. Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah was captured and his empire annexed to that of the Mughals.
The Islamic state of Hyderabad came into being on the soil of Golkonda 37 years later .
literature
- Richard M. Eaton: Ḳuṭb Sh āhī. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam . Volume 5: Khe - Mahi. New Edition. Brill, Leiden 1986, ISBN 90-04-07819-3 , Sp. 549b-550b.
- Sadiq Naqvi: Muslim religious institutions and their role under the Qutb Shahs. Bab-ul-Ilm Society, Hyderabad 1993.
- Joseph E. Schwartzberg (Ed.): A historical atlas of South Asia (= Association for Asian Studies. Reference Series. 2). 2nd impression, with additional material. Oxford University Press, New York NY et al. 1992, ISBN 0-19-506869-6 .
- Haroon Khan Sherwani: History of the Quṭb Shāhī dynasty. Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi 1974.
- Fabrizio Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam india. Ed. Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0412-2 , pp. 83-95.
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 87.
- ^ Bamber Gascoigne: The Mughals. Splendor and greatness of Mohammedan princes in India. Special edition. Prisma Verlag, Gütersloh 1987, ISBN 3-570-09930-X , p. 104.
- ↑ Cf. Eaton: Ḳuṭb Sh āhī. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume 5. New Edition. 1986, Sp. 549b-550b, here Sp. 549b; Specials : Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam india. 2010, p. 84.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 87.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 84.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 89.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 89 f.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 92.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 93.
- ↑ See Speziale: Soufisme, religion et médicine en Islam indien. 2010, p. 93 f.