François de Joyeuse

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François Cardinal de Joyeuse

François de Joyeuse (born June 24, 1562 in Carcassonne , France , † August 23, 1615 in Avignon ) was a cardinal of the Roman Church and cardinal dean .

meaning

François de Joyeuse was one of the most important clergymen of the French episcopate at the turn of the 16th to the 17th century. He played a mediating role in the conflicts between France and the Holy See , and he succeeded in serving both sides loyally even in the denominational disputes of the late 16th century. After peace was restored in France, it played an important role in diplomacy and earned a high reputation on the international stage. He also promoted the reforms in the Roman Catholic Church that the Council of Trent had initiated.

Live and act

Origin and early years (1562–1581)

François de Joyeuse came from a noble family who were related to the French royal family and came from the town of Joyeuse (now in the Ardèche department ). He was the second of seven sons of Guillaume II. De Joyeuse and his wife Marie Eléonore de Batarnay. As was the custom at that time, he was destined for a church career as the second son. He began his studies in Toulouse and continued them at the Collège de Navarre in Paris , then he went to the University of Orléans , where he received his doctorate iuris utriusque . He received the ordination of deacons for the diocese of Carcassonne and was then adviser to King Henry III. of France .

Ecclesiastical dignity (1581–1588)

Cardinal coat of arms

On October 20, 1581 he was elected Archbishop of Narbonne - with dispensation because he had not yet reached canonical age . His episcopal ordination took place a few years later, after January 25, 1586.

Pope Gregory XIII elevated him to cardinal priest in the consistory of December 12, 1583 . François de Joyeuse went to Rome, but arrived too late to attend the 1585 conclave . He received the cardinal's hat from the hand of the new Pope Sixtus V on May 20, 1585, and the Pope also awarded him the titular church of San Silvestro in Capite . In August of the same year, François de Joyeuse became an advisor to the Parlement of Paris. King Henry III appointed him on February 16, 1587 representative of France to the Holy See , and de Joyeuse settled in Rome. In December 1587 he moved to the titular church Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio , and on November 4, 1588 he was transferred to the archbishopric of Toulouse .

Political activity (1589–1602)

On the advice of Cardinal de Joyeuse, Henry III asked. in March 1589 Pope Sixtus V to absolution for the assassination of Cardinal Louis II. de Lorraine-Guise . However, after Henry's reconciliation with Henry of Navarre , later King Henry IV of France, in Plessis-lès-route on April 30, 1589, the Pope issued a monitorium in which he called on the French king, under threat of excommunication, to give Cardinal de To release Bourbon and the Archbishop of Lyons, who had been arrested ten days earlier, and to appear in person at the Roman court within 60 days or to send an agent. Cardinal de Joyeuse immediately left Rome and retired to Venice in the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie . After the murder of Heinrich III. by the Dominican Jacques Clément on August 1, 1589 and the accession of the Protestant Henry of Navarre as Henry IV. Cardinal de Joyeuse joined the Catholic League and went to the Languedoc to his brother Antoine Scipion de Joyeuse. From 1587 to 1590 he succeeded his brother Anne de Joyeuse , who died on October 20, 1587 in the Battle of Coutras , Duke of Joyeuse before he relinquished the ducal dignity to Antoine Scipion. King Henry IV appointed Cardinal de Joyeuse protector of France to the Holy See on September 25, 1589. Upon arriving at Narbonne in November 1589, the cardinal brought his brother the support, authority and prestige of an Archbishop of Toulouse. He presided over the regional assemblies of the League in Lavaur (March 1590), in Toulouse , where it was decided to seek financial and military assistance from the King of Spain, and in Castelnaudary (January 1591). Probably for this reason he stayed away from both the first and the second conclave of 1590 , in which Urban VII and then Gregory XIV were elected pope. Not until the conclave of 1591 with the papal election of Innocent IX. de Joyeuse could attend. At the conclave of 1592 he was among the cardinals who elected Pope Clement VIII . Cardinal François de Joyeuse has now returned to Languedoc and was elected governor of the city and the surrounding country by the Parlement in Toulouse, but the cardinal declared that he could only take over the office temporarily because he lacked the necessary military experience. The provincial administration appointed his younger brother Henri de Joyeuse, called Père Ange , a Capuchin , governor alongside the cardinal; this was decided in Carcassonne on November 14, 1592 and confirmed by the Duke of Mayenne on November 26, 1592.

At the end of 1593 Cardinal de Joyeuse returned to Rome. The political situation had changed fundamentally: Henry IV had converted to Catholicism in Saint Denis on July 25, 1593, was crowned in Chartres on February 27, 1594 and had entered Paris on March 22, 1594. After the death of Cardinal Nicolas de Pellevé on March 24, 1594, de Joyeuse was the longest-serving cardinal in France and thus Primate of the Church of France. His Roman titular church changed on April 27, 1594 to San Pietro in Vincoli . In 1595 he tried, together with Arnaud d'Ossat , his former secretary, and Jacques-Davy Duperron , Bishop of Evreux , to obtain absolution for the king from Pope Clement VIII. On September 17, 1595, the king was solemnly absolved. This absolution by the Pope assured Henry IV of the loyalty of many members of the League, including those from Languedoc, so that on January 24, 1596 the Peace of Folembray could be signed. At the beginning of 1596, de Joyeuse assured the king of his loyalty and was subsequently confirmed as the representative of France in Rome and spent a considerable time in France. In September 1598, Henry IV sent him back to Rome to negotiate the annulment of his marriage to Margaret of Valois , which had been concluded in 1572. The Cardinal arrived in Rome on February 13, 1599, and Pope Clement VIII appointed him chairman of the commission dealing with the case; other members were the Archbishop of Arles , Orazio del Monte , and the papal nuncio in France, Gasparo Silingardi , Bishop of Modena . The cardinal returned to France in the summer of 1599, and on December 17 of the same year the Pope gave permission for the king to marry Maria de 'Medici again .

Work in Rome (1603-1611)

At the behest of the king, who wanted the French cardinals to stay in Rome as often and as long as possible in order to increase France's influence there, Cardinal de Joyeuse returned to Rome in August 1603. On March 24, 1604 François de Joyeuse was elevated to cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Sabina and on December 1 of the same year, while maintaining his suburbicarian diocese, was transferred to the archbishopric of Rouen . In March 1605 he took part in the first conclave of that year, in which Leo XI. was elected Pope. At the second conclave in May of the same year he was among the cardinals who elected Paul V as pope. In June 1605 the king allowed him to return to France, but in November he had to travel to Rome again to mediate the dispute between the Pope and the Republic of Venice . Pope Paul V had asked the Serenissima to repeal some laws affecting ecclesiastical property and ecclesiastical immunity , and also requested that two clerics , who had been incarcerated for criminal acts, be handed over to him to be tried by ecclesiastical judges. When the authorities of the Republic of Venice the desire of the Pope rejected this excommunicated their senators on 17 April 1606 and imposed the excommunication of the entire territory of Venice. King Henry IV, who was traditionally allied with Venice, suggested Cardinal de Joyeuse as a mediator, which the Pope accepted. The cardinal left France in November 1606 and reached Chiozza on February 14, 1607 , from where he went to Venice two days later. In skilful negotiations he managed to get the Pope to lift the interdict, and after the Venetians had handed over the clergy prisoners, he announced on April 21, 1607 the lifting of the papal ban. After the resumption of diplomatic relations between Venice and the Papal States , the Cardinal returned the spring of 1607 back in the course; he had considerably increased his reputation through this diplomatic mission. At the baptism of the heir to the throne, who later became Louis XIII. Should become king, on September 14, 1606 in Fontainebleau , François de Joyeuse represented the Pope as Legatus a latere . He was a member of the Guardianship Council, which was in charge of government when Ludwig was a minor. On May 13, 1610, he crowned Queen Maria de 'Medici in the Paris church of Saint Denis, but the very next day King Henry IV was the victim of an assassination attempt. On October 17th of the same year he crowned and anointed the young King Louis XIII. instead of the Archbishop of Reims, who had not yet received episcopal ordination, in Reims. On August 17, 1611 he took over the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia e Velletri and was also dean of the college of cardinals . In the same year, Queen Maria asked him to look after the interests of France in Rome.

Last Years and Death (1611-1615)

Gravestone for Cardinal de Joyeuse
Tomb of Cardinal de Joyeuse

His health had deteriorated noticeably, and in 1613 he suffered a stroke from which he never recovered. In October 1614 he was chairman of the Estates General , while the assembly of clergy accepted the decrees of the Council of Trent . In 1615 he left Paris to return to Rome via the Languedoc. From Narbonne he made a pilgrimage to Montserrat , where he spent Easter, then retired to a Jesuit school and traveled from Billom to the Auvergne and on to Vic , where he sought relief for his complaints in the local baths. On August 8, 1615, he reached Avignon, which he never left.

Cardinal François de Joyeuse died on August 23, 1615 in the Collège d'Avignon and was buried in the Jesuit church of Saint-Louis in Pontoise , which he had founded. His heart was in the Collège d'Avignon buried .

Awards

literature

  • Alain Auzas: François Cardinal de Joyeuse, Archeuesque de Thoulouze & de Roüen . In: Henri Albi (ed.): Éloges historiques des Cardinaux illustres françois et estrangers mis en parallèle. Avec leurs pour-traits au naturel. Ant. De Cay, Paris 1644, p. 367–379 ( online at archive.org [accessed January 23, 2017]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Joyeuse, François de. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed January 22, 2017.
predecessor Office successor
Domenico Pinelli Dean of the College of Cardinals
1611–1615 		Antonio Maria Galli
Domenico Pinelli Cardinal Bishop of Ostia
1611–1615 		Antonio Maria Galli
Simeone Tagliavia d'Aragona Cardinal Bishop of Sabina
1604–1611 		Antonio Maria II Sauli
Charles III de Bourbon-Montpensier Archbishop of Rouen
1604–1614 		François II de Harlay
Paul de Foix Archbishop of Toulouse
1588–1614 		Louis de Nogaret de Lavalette
Simon Vigor Archbishop of Narbonne
1581–1588 		Louis de Vervins
Anne de Joyeuse Duke of Joyeuse
1587–1590 		Antoine Scipion de Joyeuse
personal data
SURNAME Joyeuse, François de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
DATE OF BIRTH June 24, 1562
PLACE OF BIRTH Carcassonne
DATE OF DEATH 23 August 1615
Place of death Avignon