Sofia Alexeyevna
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Sofia Alexejewna , ( Russian : Софья Алексеевна; born September 17 . Jul / 27. September 1657 greg. In Moscow , † July 3 jul. / 14. July 1704 greg. Ibid) was from 1682 to 1689 Regent of Russia .
Life
She was the fourth child and third daughter of Tsar Alexei I and his first wife Maria Miloslawskaja. Her brother Fyodor , born in 1661, succeeded her father from 1676 to 1682 as tsar. Sofia grew up with strong religious influences and frequent punishments and lived mostly in the Terem Palace . It only gained political importance when it took over the reign after the death of Fjodor.
Power struggle
After the death of Fjodor III. The first question arose as to whether his brother Ivan could be heir to the throne despite his intellectual weakness. Legally, nothing stood in the way of enthronement , as there was no law of succession to the throne, but the customary law of succession to the throne was applied. In the course of the contest for the throne, the Strelizos took the side of the Tsar's daughter (see Moscow Uprising 1682 ). After a bloody purge, the dispute was finally resolved in a kind of compromise. In 1682 she took over the reign of the two underage tsars Ivan V (was considered the "First Tsar") and Peter I (was considered the "Second Tsar").
Reign 1682–1689
For the first time since Helena Glinskaja , a woman was in charge of the Russian throne. She was a wise and energetic ruler. She had received an excellent education from her tutor and teacher, the court chaplain, scholar and poet Simeon Polotski . Her position as regent of Russia remained uncertain from the start. The highly educated Prince Vasily Golitsyn stood by her side as an advisor and favorite. It developed particular activity in foreign policy, as the treaties with Sweden 1684, Poland 1686 (" Eternal Peace ") and China 1689 ( Treaty of Nerchinsk ) showed. In her years in office she had some results to show, she had made peace with Poland and sent ambassadors to eleven European capitals. The first high school in Russia was built during her tenure at the instigation of Golitsyn. The campaigns against the Crimean khanate that the regent and Golitsyn undertook in 1687 and 1689 were unsuccessful and ultimately led to their overthrow in early August 1689.
Another power struggle
The war defeats meant that the reputation of Peter I increased; his political commitment grew and popularity among the Russian population increased steadily. The sick Ivan V also began to rebel against Sofia. As Peter came of age, the danger of deposition became increasingly clear to Sofia and she and her allies planned an attack on Peter. Its agents had recognized this attack early and Peter was able to escape by fleeing. The victory in the controversy for the throne was finally won by Peter I's party, who banished Sofia to the Novodevichy monastery near Moscow. When Sofia was suspected of conspiracy in connection with the renewed uprising of the Strelitzen in Moscow in 1698, the half-brother, Tsar Peter I, ordered her to be sheared as a nun .
swell
- Jean-Francois Chiappe: The famous women in the world of A-Z . Gütersloh; Stuttgart; Vienna 1976
- Hans Joachim Torke (ed.): The Russian Tsars 1547–1917. Verlag CH Beck, Munich, 1999. ISBN 3-406-42105-9
- EM Almedingen: The Romanows - The history of a dynasty, Russia 1613-1917. Ullstein publishing house, 1992. ISBN 3-548-34952-8
Web links
- Sofia Alexeyevna. In: FemBio. Women's biography research (with references and citations).
- Article Sofia Alexejewna in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Sofia Alexeyevna |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Софья Алексеевна (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Regent of Russia (1682–1689) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 27, 1657 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Moscow |
| DATE OF DEATH | July 14, 1704 |
| Place of death | Moscow |