Late three empires of Korea
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History of Korea to the 10th Century |
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| Prehistoric Korea |
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| Antiquity |
| Proto-three realms |
| Time of the Three Kingdoms |
| Northern and Southern states |
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| Later three realms |
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The Late Three Kingdoms of Korea (892–936) consisted of Silla , Hubaekje ("Late Baekje ") and Hugoguryeo ("Late Goguryeo ", followed by Goryeo ). The latter two kingdoms saw themselves in the succession of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , which were united by Silla, although Hugoguryeo has little to do with Goguryeo. This period arose out of conflicts during Queen Jinseong's reign of Silla. It is mostly used for the period between the founding of Hubaekje by Gyeon Hwon and the unification of the peninsula by Goryeo.
prehistory
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Silla was shaken by crises related to the golpum , the "bone rank system". In this rigid class system, only members of the upper class could be appointed to high office. The system was used by the ruling royal family to safeguard their power, which caused controversy in Silla's late period. The landed gentry named hojok (Hangeul: 호족 , Hanja: 豪族 ), d. H. the middle nobility, or village chiefs, built up their power in this chaotic time by assembling their own armies and pooling their strengths. The discontent among the nobility increased after the death of King Hyegong, because there was a succession dispute and power struggles among the hojok . In these politically tense times, Silla's financial situation was also clouded. Taxation was made difficult without the cooperation of the nobles. As a result, the farmers suffered greatly from taxes. In 899, Queen Jinseong's third year of reign, they revolted. Various uprisings and revolts took place over the next hundred years, which led to Silla's downfall.
Hubaekje and Hugoguryeo
When Silla was in decline, Gyeon Hwon, one of his former generals, led rebel forces who besieged the provincial capital of Mujinju (Hangeul: 무진주 , Hanja: 武 珍 州 ), now Gwangju , in 892. He then conquered the south-western regions and in 900 Gyeon Hwon proclaimed himself King of Hubaekje ("late Baekje"), who should restore Baekje's fame. He established his capital in Wansanju (Hangeul: 완산 주 , Hanja: 完 山 州 ), today Jeonju . He continued to expand his kingdom.
Gungye from Silla could themselves be of royal or noble origin. At first he was a Buddhist monk, but soon he participated in the political uprisings and became the leader of several troops. He conquered a lot of land. He established his base in Myeongju (Hangeul: 명주 , Hanja: 溟 州 ), now Gangneung , in 895 with the support of local leaders, including General Wang Geon , who later became King Taejo . In 901 Gungye founded Hugoguryeo, whose name he changed to Majin in 904. He moved the capital to Cheorwon . In 911 he changed the name to Taebong.
Union of the three late kingdoms
Although Hubaekje initially had the greatest potential due to its fertile fields and diplomatic contacts with China, Hugoguryeo soon became the most powerful of the three kingdoms. It expanded its territory until it encompassed almost three quarters of the peninsula under Gungye and General Wang Geon. In the course of time, however, Gungye began to be called Maitreya Buddha and fell into despotism. In 918 he was overthrown by Wanggeon. He founded a new dynasty called Goryeo ( 고려 ) and in the following year moved the capital to Songak ( 송악 , 松嶽 ), later Kaesŏng ( 개성 ). Now there was a new trinity of Goryeo, Baekje and Silla.
These three kingdoms were in a constant power struggle, although in the meantime Silla had fallen into a weak state and posed little danger to the other two kingdoms. While Hubaekje went on the offensive, Goryeo's Wanggeon placed greater emphasis on diplomacy, which made him popular with Silla. The conflict between Hubaekje and Goryeo was fought near the territory of Silla, as both opponents wanted to gain more power in the region. Hubaekje first attacked Gyeongju , the capital of Silla, in 927 and then defeated the Goryeo army. Goryeo made up for the defeat by winning the Battle of Gochang in 930 and regaining Woongjin territory in 934 .
In 935 Gyeongsun, the king of the greatly weakened Silla, surrendered to Goryeo. At this point in time, war-weary Hubaekje was also weakened by internal power struggles. Gyeon Hwon named his youngest son Geumgang as heir, but his other sons (from a former wife) allied and resisted. Gyeon Hwon's eldest son Singeom came to the throne, and Gyeon Hwon was banished to Geumsan Temple. He later escaped Goryeo and joined Wanggeon's army to attack the empire he founded. Hubaekje fell to Goryeo in 936 and the peninsula was reunited.
literature
- Ancient . In: Association of Korean History Teachers (Ed.): Korea through the ages . Volume I . Yoon Deok-hong , Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 2005, ISBN 89-7105-545-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ 후삼국 시대 (period of the late three kingdoms). In: Encyclopedia of Korean Culture . Nate, archived from the original on June 10, 2011 ; Retrieved May 15, 2019 (Korean, original website no longer available).
- ↑ Ancient . In: Korea through the ages . 2005, p. 99-103 .
- ↑ 견훤 ( 甄 萱 , 867 ~ 936). In: Doopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2019 (Korean).
- ^ Gung Ye , The Academy of Korean Studies, accessed March 7, 2011.
- ↑ 태봉 ( 泰 封 ). In: Doopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2019 (Korean).
- ↑ Ancient . In: Korea through the ages . 2005, p. 110-113 .
- ↑ 태조 ( 太祖 , 877 ~ 943). In: Doopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2019 (Korean).
- ↑ Ancient . In: Korea through the ages . 2005, p. 113 .