Byeonhan
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History of Korea to the 10th Century |
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| Prehistoric Korea |
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| Antiquity |
| Proto-three realms |
| Time of the Three Kingdoms |
| Northern and Southern states |
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| Later three realms |
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Byeonhan ( Korean 변한 , 弁 韓 , pjʌn.ɦan ), also known as Byeonjin , (Kor. 변진 , 弁 辰 , pjʌn.dʑin ) was a loose confederation of tribal principalities that formed approximately from the 1st to 4th centuries in the South of the Korean Peninsula existed. Byeonhan was one of the Samhans (or "Three Hans"), alongside Mahan and Jinhan.
history
The beginning of the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea is sometimes referred to as the Proto Three Kingdoms Period. Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederations , appears to have emerged from the Jin Kingdom in southern Korea.
Archaeological finds show an increase in military activity and weapon manufacture among the Byeonhan in the 3rd century, especially an increase in iron arrowheads and armor . This could have to do with the decline of the Byeonhan and the rise of the more centralized Gaya Confederation . Most of the Byeonhan joined Gaya, which was subsequently annexed by Silla , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Culture and commerce
The Chinese Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of the 3rd century show that the language and culture of Byeonhan was basically the same as that of Jinhan. Archaeological evidence shows few differences. Byeonhan one could refer to tribal duchies in the south and west of the Nakdong River valley , which were not formal members of the Jinhan Confederation.
According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms , Byeonhan was known for making iron . The iron ended up in the northern Han command centers, Yamato-era Japan, and the rest of the Korean Peninsula. It was also a stone ware manufacturing center.
Member states
In the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms , the following 12 small states are mentioned that belonged to Byeonhan:
- Mirimidong ( 미리 미 동국 / 彌 離 彌 凍 國 ), today Miryang .
- Jeopdo ( 접도 국 / 接 塗 國 ), today Haman.
- Gojamidong ( 고자 미 동국 / 古 資 彌 凍 國 ), today Goseong.
- Gosunsi ( 고순 시국 / 古 淳 是 國 ), today Jinju , Dingon or Goseong.
- Ballo ( 반로 국 / 半路 國 ), today Seongju.
- Nangno ( 낙 노국 / 樂 奴 國 ), today Hadong or Namhae .
- Gunmi ( 군 미국 / 軍 彌 國 ), now Dingon.
- Mioyama ( 미오 야마 국 / 彌 烏 邪 馬 國 ), today Goryeong.
- Gamno ( 감로 국 / 甘 路 國 ), today Gimcheon.
- Guya ( 구야국 / 狗 邪 國 ), today Gimhae .
- Jujoma ( 주조 마국 / 走 漕 馬 國 ), today Gimcheon.
- Anya ( 안 야국 / 安 邪 國 ), today Haman.
- Dongno ( 독로 국 / 瀆 盧 國 ), today Dongnae.
literature
- Gina L. Barnes: Archaeological Armor in Korea and Japan. Styles, Technology, and Social Setting . In: Journal of East Asian Archeology . tape 2 , no. 3 . Brill, September 1, 2000, pp. 61-95 , doi : 10.1163 / 156852300760222056 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hyŏn-hŭi Yi, Sŏng-su Pak, Nae-hyŏn Yun: New history of Korea (= Korean studies series . No. 30 ). Jimoondang, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-88095-85-5 .
- ↑ Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Anne Walthall: East Asia. A cultural, social, and political history . 3. Edition. tape 1 : Pre-modern to 1800 . Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA 2013, ISBN 978-1-133-60651-2 , pp. 101 .
- ^ Gina L. Barnes: Archaeological Armor in Korea and Japan. Styles, Technology, and Social Setting. 2000.
- ↑ Kwang-kyu Yi: Korean traditional culture (= Korean studies series . No. 25 ). Jipmundang, Seoul 2003, ISBN 89-88095-49-9 , pp. 24-27 .
- ↑ Injae Lee, Owen Miller, Inhoon Park: Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6 , pp. 18-19 ( books.google.co.kr ).
- ^ Won Yu han: Money. Traditional Korean society . Ewha Womans University Press, Seoul 2006, ISBN 89-7300-674-6 (translated by Lee Kyong-hee).
- ↑ Mong-nyong Ch'oe: 최근 의 고고학 자료 로 본 한국 고고학 ・ 고대사 의 신 연구 - Ch'oegŭn ŭi kogohak charyo ro pon Han'guk kogohak, kodaesa ŭi sinyŏn'gu . Jury session, Seoul 2006, ISBN 89-87096-65-3 (Korean, Recent research on archeology and ancient deities).