Balhae
| History of korea |
|---|
| Prehistoric Korea |
|
| Antiquity |
| Proto-three realms |
|
| Time of the Three Kingdoms |
| Northern and Southern states |
|
| Later three realms |
|
| States of imperial unity |
|
| Colonial times |
|
| Division of Korea |
|
| Chinese name | |
|---|---|
| Traditional : | 渤海 |
| Simplified : | 渤海 |
| Pinyin : | Bóhǎi |
| Wade-Giles : | Po-shark |
| Korean name | |
| korean alphabet : | 발해 |
| Chinese characters : | 渤海 |
| Revised Romanization : | Balhae |
| McCune-Reischauer : | Parhae |
The empire Balhae , Parhae (from Korean reading) or Bohai (from Chinese reading), was a kingdom in southeastern Manchuria and the northern area of what is now North Korea . It existed from 669 to 926, had a Sino-Japanese style bureaucracy and supposedly five major capitals. Its research is still in its infancy and is one of the great discussions about Northeast Asia .
Korean historians support the theory that the Balhae empire was founded in 669 by Tae Choyŏng ( Chin. Da Zuorong), a former Goguryeo general in collaboration with the Tungus Malgal, also called Mohe. Russian historians suspect, however, that the Balhae Empire was founded by the Tungusian Mohe under strong Japanese influence and then received further influences from China and Goguryeo.
The Balhae people were heterogeneous and consisted of the Tungus Mohe, the Sinized Mohe, Japanese and Koreans . The Mohe made up the majority of the entire Balhae population. The Japanese made up the majority in one of the five capital cities on the coast of the Sea of Japan . Koreans made up about 15% of the total population. The importance of the individual groups in the state for the purpose of making history politically useful is controversial.
Korean historiography
According to the Korean view, the founder was Balhaes Tae Choyŏng , who died in 719. He was followed by his son Tae Muye (Da Wuyi, † 737), who acquired his own title of ruler. Under his government there was a dispute between the pro and anti-Chinese factions at court. His younger brother Tae Munye rebelled when he was about to be sent against the anti-Chinese Mohe groups along the Amur . He had been a hostage at the imperial court for a long time and felt obliged to the seaweed . The result was a war with China, in which King Tae Muye even sent a fleet to Shandong in 732 . An agreement was not reached again until 735.
The third king, Tae Hŭngmu (Da Jinmao, † 793) ruled for 57 years. Under his reign, Chinese became the lingua franca in Balhae. He copied the institutions and literature of Tang China, paid formally tribute to it and received his titles from there. His ambassadors were always present at the New Year's receptions at the Tang Court. The borders of the Balhae Empire were extended to the Amur and the Liaodong Peninsula .
Russian and Japanese historiography
According to Russian and Japanese views, Balhae was founded by a local tribal chief of the Mohe. This entered into strategic and economic alliances with Japan and China. These alliances had a profound effect on the local culture of Balhae. While the Tang Dynasty viewed Balhae as a vassal, Japan invested heavily in local culture and was able to secure one of the five large cities as a de facto colony. From the 8th century, the Japanese made up the majority in the coastal regions and Japanese culture had a strong influence on large parts of Balhae.
After political turmoil in 734, inter-ethnic relations deteriorated and civil war ensued, in which pro-Chinese and pro-Goguryeo forces vied for influence. The pro-Chinese factions, supported by local nomads and Japanese, gained the upper hand and Chinese became the lingua franca .
Chinese view
According to Chinese historians, there never was a major civil war. Rather, it was a question of diplomatic tensions between Goguryeo and Tang China.
Languages of Balhae
It is believed that Tungus languages, and later Chinese, were spoken by the majority of the population. Japanese was spoken in all major cities and was the lingua franca in the coastal regions. Korean was spoken on the border with Goguryeo and there was a Korean minority in some cities.
Downfall of Balhae
Balhae was conquered and destroyed by the neighboring Kitan in 926 . However, its inhabitants still had a certain special status until the 13th century.
See also
Web links
- Bohai 渤海 (Korean: Parhae) - English (chinaknowledge)
- The influence of the Tang culture on the Bohai Empire (China Internet Information Center)
- Han Giu-cheol: History of the Balhae Kingdom (Korea Herald / Kyungsung University)
- Han Giu-cheol: A Study of the History of Parhae
- Han Giu-cheol: Who is the tribe of Malgal (Mohe)?
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bohai. Retrieved February 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Поиск научной информации в электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка. Retrieved February 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Поиск научной информации в электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка. Retrieved February 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Поиск научной информации в электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка. Retrieved February 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Ivliev Alexander Lvovich (2014). "Эпиграфические материалы Бохая и бохайского времени из Приморья" ["The epigraphic materials of the Bohai and Bohai times from Primorye"]. Archeology, ethnography and culture .
- ↑ Ivliev Alexander Lvovich (2014). "Эпиграфические материалы Бохая и бохайского времени из Приморья" ["The epigraphic materials of the Bohai and Bohai times from Primorye"]. Archeology, ethnography and culture .
- ↑ Lee Ki-baik. " The Society and Culture of Parhae. " The New History of Korea, pages 88-89. Harvard University Press, 1984.
