Bar loop
The rod loop is a device used since the European Neolithic to transport goods between fields or forests and settlements on impassable terrain. The rod loop was created after using the plow and emerged from the constellation ox - yoke - plow. It is the forerunner of the triangular car and thus the cart .
function
The basic construction consists of two long poles and a cross piece of wood that are connected to form an isosceles triangle. The pointed front end of the device is carried by humans or oxen . The broad rear end with the rod tied between the long spars was dragged across the floor. Transport objects were stacked and tied on the frame. Fabric or leather was spread over the bars to accommodate small cargo .
Sledges and rod loops were the first transport devices that could be used to move loads on land without having to carry them. When transporting loads with the loop, however, part of the construction weight and the weight of the load must be borne. Good cross-country mobility is seen as an advantage over other means of transport. When using sledges and rod loops, a higher sliding resistance must be overcome compared to the rolling resistance of wheeled vehicles. The material abrasion is higher with a loop at the beginning of use. In the course of use, the material becomes smoother and abrasion subsides. In addition, the amount of abrasion varies depending on the nature of the soil and the load, for example on grassland or stony soil.
The oldest bar loop found dates from 3100 BC. It was excavated in Chalain ( Fontenu , Jura department ) in France . At Mont Bégo in Val de Fontanalbe there are rock carvings showing oxen in front of a loop. In Kamennaja Mogila near Melitopol , Ukraine , rock carvings show oxen in front of a plow and a loop of poles. Remnants of a loop were also found in the Reute-Schorrenried moorland.
steppe
In the steppe areas , the shape of the device, later drawn by horses, is known as the Femer or Yoke loop.
North America
In North America, Plains Indians used similar transportation devices . In this context, the French foreign word travois is also used, which is derived from the late Latin trepalium . Before the introduction of horses, travois were drawn by dogs or humans.
See also
literature
- Joachim Köninger: Loop, sledge, wheel and wagon: on the question of early means of transport north of the Alps (= Hemmenhofen scripts: writings from the Hemmenhofen office of the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office . Volume 3 ). Janus, 2002, ISSN 1437-8620 .
- Wolfgang Putschke: Subject typology of land vehicles: a contribution to their emergence, development and dissemination (= writings on folk research. Volume 4). de Gruyter, Berlin 1971, ISBN 3-11-003517-0 .
- Jürgen E. Walkowitz: Logistics in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. In: Varia neolithica IV (= contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. Volume 43). Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2006, ISBN 3-937517-43-X .
- Reinhard Peesch : Wooden device in its original forms. Academy Publishing House . Berlin 1966, pp. 20-21.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ P. u. AT THE. Petrequin, R.-M. Arbogast, A. Viellet, D. Maréchal: A neolithic rod loop from the end of the 31st century BC Chr. In Chalain (Fontenu, Jura, France) In: Hemmenhofer Skripte 3 - Loop, sledge, wheel and carriage: On the question of earlier means of transport north of the Alps. 2002, ISSN 1437-8620 , pp. 55-65.
- ↑ Alexander Häusler: The rock carvings of the Kamennaya Mogila near Melitopol and the megalithic influences in southern Russia. In: Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, scientific journal. Social and Linguistic Series. Vol. 7, No. 2, 1958, ISSN 0438-4385 , pp. 497-518.
- ↑ Martin Mainberger, In: Loop, sledge, wheel and carriage: on the question of early means of transport north of the Alps. P. 85
- ↑ Also in English, cf. travois at Merriam-Webster. The Latin trepalium , an instrument of torture, is literally a device made of “three rods” (Latin tres pali ).