Friedberger Anlage Synagogue

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Wilhelm Freund (1860 Schönbach - 1937 Oberursel), painting Synagogue Friedberger Anlage in Frankfurt am Main.

The synagogue at Friedberger Anlage No. 6 was a Jewish sacred building in Frankfurt am Main . It was built in 1907 and was characterized by the transition style of reform architecture with elements of Romanesque and Orientalism . The synagogue was deliberately destroyed by National Socialist arsonists during the November pogroms in 1938 and then demolished. A bunker built in its place during the Second World War now serves as a memorial.

history

High bunker on the site of the synagogue that was demolished in 1938.

From 1853 to 1855 the Orthodox Israelite Religious Society , founded in 1851 by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch , had its first synagogue built on Schützenstrasse. Initially it had 500 seats, after an expansion in 1873/74 it had almost 1000. Nevertheless, it had become too small for the growing community at the end of the 19th century. The community called on its members to make donations for funding. In a short time, 150,000 marks were raised. The largest single donation came from the banker Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild . Encouraged by this, the community announced in December 1903 or early January 1904 the construction of a new synagogue on the Friedberg complex . The new building should have at least 1000 places for men and 600 for women, plus 60 places for singers . The new location was in Ostend , a preferred residential area for Orthodox parishioners.

129 designs were submitted for the architectural competition. The award-winning design by Josef Reuters and Carl Friedenthal (Berlin) envisaged a central building crowned by a high dome. The second prize went to the design by Fritz Hessemer and Johannes von Schmidt (Munich). In October 1904, however, the community selected the original third-place design by Peter Jürgensen and Jürgen Bachmann from Berlin-Charlottenburg . It seemed to the congregation to be particularly successful because it aligned the entrance building parallel to the course of the street, while the main building precisely adhered to the east-west direction prescribed for liturgical reasons and at the same time also blended in best with the development of the neighboring properties. The foundation stone was laid on November 21, 1905. The building was constructed from 1905 to 1907. Representatives of the city and the Prussian government as well as delegates from 35 Jewish communities, including the main Israelite community in Frankfurt, attended the inauguration on August 29, 1907. Rabbi Salomon Breuer gave the blessing for the inauguration .

destruction

As part of the November pogroms on November 10, 1938, the synagogue was the victim of an arson organized by the National Socialists. The fire, which was started in the early hours of the morning, could only cause limited damage. For this reason, fires were set in the synagogue four times in the following days, some of them using gasoline drums. The city ​​fire brigade moved out every time, but did not intervene. On November 11, intruders broke into and robbed the vault containing cult items.

The community board filed a complaint, whereupon the police investigated Jews as arsonists. On orders from the police, the Israelite community had to demolish the building due to the risk of collapse and pay the demolition costs. The final destruction began on November 17, 1938. The demolition was finished on June 12, 1939.

After the November pogroms, the Secret State Police forced the amalgamation of the Israelite community and the Israelite religious community. As part of the Jewish treaty of April 3, 1939, the Jewish community forcibly transferred 25 properties to the city of Frankfurt, including the 3,138 square meter property on the Friedberger Anlage. The sales price of 20 Reichsmarks per square meter set by the city was not even enough to cover the demolition costs of the synagogue.

In 1942/43 a five-storey bunker was built in place of the synagogue. The surrounding Ostend was badly destroyed in the air raids on Frankfurt am Main , but the bunker remained intact.

post war period

After the end of the war, the city used the bunkers to store cultural goods that had been relocated during the war and returned to the destroyed city. The bunker at Friedberger Anlage served as a book store for the city ​​and university library from 1947 . In the early 1950s, the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization claimed the removal of the bunker and restitution of the property. After years of negotiations with the city as the owner of the property and the federal property administration as the owner of the bunker, the parties agreed on compensation of 130,000 DM to the JRSO. The bunker and property became the property of the federal tax authorities , and the city undertook to erect a permanent memorial for the synagogue in front of the bunker.

In 1965 the city and university library moved into a new building at Bockenheimer Warte. The bunker was rented out and served as a furniture store from 1968 to 1988. The “Friedberger Anlage Synagogue Memorial Site ”, designed by landscape architect Jeannette Garnhartner , has been located on the forecourt of the bunker since 1988 . The bunker houses a permanent exhibition about Jewish life in Frankfurt's Ostend.

architecture

The following important information is still missing in the following paragraph:
The essay on the synagogue [1] with extensive information on the design of the synagogue, which was already linked by the creator, was obviously not evaluated.
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inside view

In front of the main building there was a forecourt with two large portals. The facade showed a main gable with a porch consisting of main portal arches. Through the porch one reached a spacious men's vestibule with doors that led to the men's cloakrooms and the main room for the men. On both sides of the main arches there were lobbies for the women, which led to the women's cloakrooms and the side galleries.

The main room of the Jewish religious building was built on the plan with the shape of a rectangle. The central nave of the main room had a barrel vault . The side galleries were located in the transepts , which cut into them as butt caps. On the east wall was the dais with a Torah shrine made of Nassau marble . In the middle was the almemor made of cyros marble with bronze fillings.

Exhibitions

  • 2016: Ostend. View into a Jewish quarter .

See also

literature

  • Frankfurter Architekten- u. Ing.-Verein (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main 1886–1910. A guide through his buildings . Dedicated to the participants in the hiking meeting of the Association of German Architects and Engineers' Associations. Frankfurt am Main 1910, p. 68 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).

Web links

Commons : Synagoge Friedberger Anlage  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Article in the magazine "Der Israelit" of August 29, 1907: "The architecture is modernized Romanesque forms and in places also shows Moorish echoes."
  2. ↑ Garden and Cemetery Office of the City of Frankfurt am Main (ed.), The Synagogue at the Friedberger Anlage , Frankfurt am Main 1988, p. 10
  3. ↑ Janine Burnicki, Jürgen Steen: The destruction of the synagogue Friedberg plant. In: Frankfurt 1933-1945. Institute for Urban History, October 25, 2005, accessed December 30, 2019 .
  4. ↑ The architecture description follows the article in the magazine "Der Israelit" from August 29, 1907:
  5. ^ Quartier der Orthodoxen in FAZ from May 10, 2016, page 35

Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 53.2 "  N , 8 ° 41 ′ 43.8"  E