Systematics of scratch worms
The classic system of scratch worms or scratches (Acanthocephala) is based primarily on morphological features of the anatomy of sexually mature animals and the larval stages as well as on features of the eggshells and ecology (host types, etc.). A number of common features, so-called apomorphies , can be named as indicators for the monophyly of the scratchworms . These include, among other things, the very specific epidermis with the lacunae system for feeding the animals, which only exists in the scratching worms, the evertable trunk with the hooks, the ligament sacs and the very special design of the female genital organs with the specialized uterine bell .
The scratchworms contain three taxa classified as classes, which differ mainly in their size and host range as well as some morphological features. The design of the ligament sac, the position of the main ducts of the lacunae system and the number of cement glands in males play an important role; the structure of the eggshells, the characteristics of the life cycle (intermediate and final hosts) and molecular biological characteristics are also used as a basis for the classification . All of these characteristics suggest that the three classes are monophyletic groups :
The classic system of scratch worms
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Acanthocephala_Pomphorhynchus.jpg/220px-Acanthocephala_Pomphorhynchus.jpg)
This system essentially follows the representation of the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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Scratchworms (Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771)
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Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931
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Apororhynchida
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Apororhynchidae Shipley, 1899
- Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899
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Apororhynchidae Shipley, 1899
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Gigantorhynchida Southwell and Macfie, 1925
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Giganthorhynchidae Hamann, 1892
- Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892
- Mediorhynchus Van Cleve, 1916
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Giganthorhynchidae Hamann, 1892
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Moniliformida Schmidt, 1972
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Moniliformidae Van Cleve, 1924
- Moniliformis Travassos, 1915
- Promoniliformis Dollfus and Golvan, 1963
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Moniliformidae Van Cleve, 1924
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Oligacanthorhynchida Petronenko, 1956
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Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell and Macfie, 1925
- Macracanthorhynchus Travassos, 1917
- Neoncicola Schmidt, 1972
- Nephridiorhynchus Meyer, 1931
- Oligacanthorhynchus Travassos, 1915
- Oncicola Travassos, 1916
- Pachysentis Meyer, 1931
- Prosthenorchis Travassos, 1915
- Tchadorhynchus Troncy, 1970
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Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell and Macfie, 1925
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Apororhynchida
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Eoacanthocephala Van Cleve, 1936
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Gyracanthocephala Van Cleve, 1936
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Quadrigyridae Van Cleve, 1920
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Pallisentinae Van Cleve, 1928
- Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927
- Devendrosentis Sahay, Sinha, Gosh, 1971
- Palliolisentis Machado, 1960
- Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928
- Raosentis Datta, 1947
- Saccosentis Tadros, 1966
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Quadrigyrinae Van Cleve, 1920
- Deltacanthus Diaz-ungria, et al., 1958
- Quadrigyrus Van Cleve, 1920
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Pallisentinae Van Cleve, 1928
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Quadrigyridae Van Cleve, 1920
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Neoechinorhynchida Ward, 1917
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Dendronucleatidae Sokolovskaia, 1962
- Dendronucleata Sokolovskaia, 1962
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Neoechinorhynchidae Ward, 1917
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Atactorhynchinae Petronenko , 1956
- Atactorhynchus Chandler, 1935
- Floridosentis Ward, 1953
- Tanaorhamphus Ward, 1918
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Eocillinae Petronenko , 1965
- Eocollis Van Cleve, 1947
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Gracilisentinae Petronenko, 1956
- Gracilisentis Van Cleve, 1919
- Pandosentis Van Cleve, 1920
- Wolffhugelia Mane-garzon and Dei-cas, 1974
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Neoechinorhynchinae Travassos, 1926
- Dispiron Bilgees, 1970
- Gorytocephalus Nickol and Thatcher, 1971
- Hebesoma Van Cleve, 1928
- Hexaspiron Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
- Microsentis Martin and Multani, 1966
- Neoechinorhynchus Stiles and Hassall, 1905
- Octospinifer Van Cleve, 1919
- Octospiniferoides Bullock, 1957
- Paulisentis Van Cleave and Bangham, 1949
- Zeylonechinorhynchus Fernando and Furtado, 1963
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Atactorhynchinae Petronenko , 1956
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Tenuisentidae Van Cleve, 1921
- Paratenuisentis Bullock and Samuel, 1975
- Tenuisentis Van Cleve, 1936
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Dendronucleatidae Sokolovskaia, 1962
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Gyracanthocephala Van Cleve, 1936
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Palaeacanthocephala Meyer, 1931
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Echinorhynchida Southwell and Macfie, 1925
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Arhythmacanthidae Yamaguti, 1935
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Arhythmacanthinae Yamaguti, 1935
- Heterosentis Van Cleve, 1931
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Neoacanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1960
- Acanthocephaloides Meyer, 1932
- Neoacanthocephaloides Cable and Quick, 1954
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Paracanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1969
- Breizacanthus Golvan, 1969
- Euzetacanthus Golvan and Houin., 1964
- Paracanthocephaloides Golvan, 1969
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Arhythmacanthinae Yamaguti, 1935
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Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932
- Caballerorhynchus Salgado-maldonado, 1977
- Cavisoma Van Cleve, 1931
- Echinorhynchoides Achmerov, et al., 1941
- Femogibbosus Paruchin, 1973
- Filisoma Van Cleve, 1928
- Megapriapus Golvan, et al., 1964
- Neorhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1939
- Paracavisoma Kritscher, 1957
- Pseudocavisoma Golvan and Houin., 1964
- Rhadinorhynchoides Fukui and Morisita, 1937
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Diplosentidae Tubangui and Masilungan, 1937
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Allorhadinorhynchinae Golvan, 1969
- Allorhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1959
- Golvanorhynchus Noronha, Fabio, Pinto, 1978
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Diplosentinae Golvan and Houin., 1963
- Diplosentis Tubangui and Masilungan, 1937
- Pararhadinorhynchus Johnston and Edmonds, 1947
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Allorhadinorhynchinae Golvan, 1969
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Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1879
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Echinorhynchinae Cobbold, 1876
- Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771
- Echinorhynchus Zoega, 1776
- Pilum Williams, 1976
- Pseudoacanthocephalus Petronenko, 1956
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Yamaguitisentinae Golvan, 1969
- Yamaguitisentis Golvan, 1969
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Echinorhynchinae Cobbold, 1876
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Fessisentidae Van Cleve, 1931
- Fessisentis Van Cleve, 1931
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Heteracanthocephalidae Petronenko , 1956
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Aspersentinae Golvan, 1960
- Aspersentis Van Cleve, 1929
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Heteroacanthocephalinae Petronenko , 1956
- Heteroacanthocephalus Petronenko , 1956
- Sachalinorhynchus Krotov and Petronenko, 1956
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Aspersentinae Golvan, 1960
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Hypoechinorhynchidae Golvan, 1980
- Bolborhynchoides Achmerov, 1959
- Hypoechinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1939
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Illiosentidae Golvan, 1960
- Brentisentis Leotta, Schmidt, Kuntz, 1982
- Dentitruncus Sinzar, 1955
- Dollfusentis Golvan, 1969
- Goacanthus Gupta and Jain, 1980
- Indorhynchus Golvan, 1969
- Metarhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1959
- Pseudorhadinorhynchus Achmerov, et al., 1941
- Tegorhynchus Van Cleve, 1921
- Telosentis Van Cleve, 1923
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Polyacanthorhynchidae Golvan, 1956
- Polyacanthorhynchus Travassos, 1920
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Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti, 1939
- Longicollum Yamaguti, 1935
- Pomphorhynchus Monticelli, 1905
- Tenuiproboscis Yamaguti, 1935
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Rhadinorhynchidae
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Golvanacanthinae Paggi and Orecchia, 1972
- Golvanacanthus Paggi and Orecchia, 1972
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Gorgorhynchinae Van Cleve and Lincicome, 1940
- Australorhynchus Lebedev, 1967
- Cleaveius Subramanian, 1927
- Gorgorhynchoides Cable and Linderoth, 1963
- Gorgorhynchus Chandler, 1934
- Hanumantharaorhynchus Chandra, 1983
- Leptorhynchoides Kostylev, 1924
- Metacanthocephaloides Yamaguti, 1959
- Metacanthocephalus Yamaguti, 1959
- Micracanthorhynchina Beach, 1936
- Paracanthorhynchus Edmonds, 1967
- Pseudauchen Yamaguti, 1963
- Pseudoleptorhynchoid Salgado-maldonado, 1976
- Sclerocollum Schmidt and Paperna, 1978
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Rhadinorhynchinae Luehe, 1912
- Cathayacanthus Golvan, 1969
- Megistacantha Golvan, 1960
- Paragorgorhynchus Golvan, 1957
- Raorhynchus Tripathi, 1959
- Rhadinorhynchus Travassos, 1923
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Serrasentinae Petronenko , 1956
- Serrasentis Van Cleave, 1923
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Serrasentoidinae Parukhin, 1982
- Serrasentoides Parukhin, 1971
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Golvanacanthinae Paggi and Orecchia, 1972
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Arhythmacanthidae Yamaguti, 1935
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Polymorphida Petronenko, 1956
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Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916
- Centrorhynchus Luehe, 1911
- Sphaerirostris Golvan, 1956
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Plagiorhynchidae Golvan, 1960
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Plagiorhynchinae Meyer, 1931
- Plagiorhynchus Luehe, 1911
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Porrorchinae Golvan, 1956
- Lueheia Travassos, 1919
- Oligoterorhynchus Monticelli, 1914
- Owilfordia Schmidt and Kuntz, 1967
- Porrorchis Fukui, 1929
- Pseudogordiorhynchus Golvan, 1957
- Pseudolueheia Schmidt and Kuntz, 1967
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Sphaerechinorhynchinae Golvan, 1956
- Sphaerechinorhynchus Johnston, 1929
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Plagiorhynchinae Meyer, 1931
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Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931
- Andracantha Schmidt, 1975
- Arhythmorhynchus
- Bolbosoma Porta, 1908
- Corynosoma Luehe, 1904
- Diplospinifer Fukui, 1929
- Filicollis Luehe, 1911
- Hexaglandula Petronenko , 1950
- Polymorphus Lühe, 1911
- Southwellina Witenberg, 1932
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Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916
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Echinorhynchida Southwell and Macfie, 1925
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Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931
supporting documents
- ↑ Thomas J. Near: Acanthocephalan Phylogeny and the Evolution of Parasitism. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 2002; Pages 668-677. ( Full text ; PDF; 236 kB)
- ^ Phylogenetic Relationships of the Acanthocephala Inferred from 18S Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10 (3), 1998; Pages 287-298. ( Full text )
- ↑ see Acanthocephala and subordinate taxa