Terqa

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Relief Map: Syria
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Terqa​
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Syria

Terqa (Sirqa, Tell Ašara) is the ancient name of a Bronze Age settlement hill near the present-day city of al-Aschara on the central Euphrates in Syria , south of the Dijala estuary on the right bank, halfway between Deir ez-Zor and Abu-Kemal . Terqa was an important stopover for trade along the Euphrates and the Ḫabur .

The Tell was located in the area of ​​the Ašara tribe , who settled on both sides of the river, the Tell is named after them and was also known as the Tell of the Ašara. The Tell was partially washed away by the Euphrates.

history

Terqa was founded around 3000 BC. Founded in BC, there are no earlier finds from the urban area. Buccellati suspects the previous settlement in Qrayra on the other bank of the Euphrates. Terqa was initially under the rule of Mari , but survived the conquest of the capital by Hammurabi I of Babylon. In his 27th year of reign (1723 according to the middle chronology ), Samsu-iluna defeated King Jadi-Abu of Terqa. It is unknown whether this resulted in a permanent presence on the central Euphrates. Documents from Terqa also attest to the rule of Ammi-ṣaduqa and Šamšu-ditana of Babylon (1626–1595 according to the middle chronology) over the city. Documents from the time of Samšu-ditana use the name Marduks in the formula of the oath. A Kassite rule over Terqa is being considered but cannot be proven with certainty. Thereafter Terqa was probably the capital of the country Ḫana . The following kings of Ḫana are recorded as rulers of Terqa:

  • Iddin-Kaka
  • Išar-Lim, son of Iddin-Kaka
  • Iggid Lim
  • Isih-Dagan
  • Hammurapi I.
  • Ammurapi II.

Their chronological position is unclear.

The supremacy of the Mittani kings Parattarna and Sauštatar is documented by documents found here. The Mitanni governor was apparently a certain Qīš-Addu. After all, the city had belonged to the Assyrian Empire since the 13th century .

Buildings

Terqa had an important Dagān temple E-ki-si-ga. He is known from a clay tablet of Šamši-Adad I , which was found in Terqa. King Isih-Dagan has Dagan as a theophoric part of his name. King Išar-Lim, son of Iddin-Kaka, calls himself "the darling of the god Šamaš and the god Dagan.

Ruler

Under the rule of Mari governors were installed in Terqa. As such, Kibri-Dagan is documented by numerous letters to King Zimri-Lim of Mari.

Excavations

Ernst Herzfeld carried out the first excavations in Terqa in 1910. In 1923 François Thureau-Dangin and Édouard Dhorme excavated here for a week, which they themselves describe as "improvised". Further excavations took place under the direction of Giorgio Buccellati of the University of Los Angeles.

The excavations in Terqa have been under the direction of the French epigrapher O. Rouault, Professor of Oriental Archeology at the University of Lyon II, since 1996 . The following areas have been investigated so far:

literature

  • A. Ahrens: The Scarabs from the Ninkarrak Temple Cache at Tell 'Ašara / Terqa (Syria): History, Archaeological Context, and Chronology . Egypt and the Levant 20, 2010, 431-444.
  • Mark W. Chavalas: Terqa and the Kingdom of Khana. Biblical Archeology 59, 1996, 90-103.
  • Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati: Terqa Preliminary Reports 1: General Introduction and the Stratigraphic Record of the First Two Seasons. SMS 1/3, 1977.
  • Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati: Sealing Practices at Terqa. In: M. Kelly-Buccellati (Ed.): Insight through Images: Studies in Honor of Edith Porada . Studia Mesopotamica 21 (Malibu: Undena, 1986).
  • Amanda H. Podany: The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition. Bethesda, CDL-Press 2002.
  • O. Rouault: Terqa Final Reports 1: L'Archive de Puzurum (Malibu: Undena, 1984).
  • François Thureau-Dangin, Edouard Dhorme: Cinq jours de fouilles à 'Ashârah (7-11 September 1923). Syria 5, 1924, 265-293.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ AH Podany: The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition , CDL-Press, Bethesda 2002, 16
  2. ↑ AH Podany: The Land of Ḫana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition . CDL-Press, Bethesda 2002, 4
  3. ↑ F. Thureau-Dangin, E. Dhorme: Cinq jours de fouilles à 'Ashârah (7-11 September 1923) , Syria 5, 1924, 265
  4. ↑ G. Buccellati: Uncovering 5,000 Years of History  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.iimas.org   , 1984 (PDF), at http://www.iimas.org , accessed June 11, 2011
  5. ↑ Amanda H. Podany: The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition , CDL-Press, Bethesda 2002, 5
  6. ↑ TQ1218
  7. ↑ Amanda H. Podany: The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition , CDL-Press, Bethesda 2002, 19
  8. ^ O. Rouault, MG Masetti-Rouault: L'Eufrate e il tempo. Le Civilta del medio Eufrate e della Gezira siriana , Electa, Milan 1993, 460
  9. ↑ AH Podany: The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition , CDL-Press, Bethesda 2002, 6
  10. ^ Louvre XO 4628
  11. ^ P. Condamin: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 21 , 1908, 247ff
  12. ↑ Louvre AO 2673, F. Thureau-Dangin, E. Dhorme: Cinq jours de fouilles à 'Ashârah (7-11 September 1923) , Syria 5, 1924, 266
  13. ↑ Ernst Herzfeld: Hana et Mari . RA 11, 1910, 131-39
  14. ^ F. Thureau-Dangin, E. Dhorme: Cinq jours de fouilles à 'Ashârah (7-11 September 1923) , Syria 5, 1924, 265-293
  15. ^ F. Thureau-Dangin, E. Dhorme: Cinq jours de fouilles a 'Ashârah (7-11 September 1923) , Syria 5/4, 1924, 265