Tetraspanins
The tetraspanins are a group of proteins in biomembranes , which are characterized by four transmembrane domains , each of which spans the membrane once.
properties
Tetraspanins occur in all multicellular cells . They are surface proteins and are involved in various cellular processes, e.g. B. Cell Adhesion and Cell Migration . They are also involved in the development and metastasis of tumors . While CD9, CD63, CD82 and CD151 are formed in different cell types , CD37 and CD53 are mainly found in leukocytes . Of the 34 tetraspanins known to date, 33 occur in humans.
The N -terminus and the C -terminus of the tetraspanins are both in the cytosol . The four transmembrane domains of the tetraspanins consist of hydrophobic amino acids that cluster together. As a transmembrane protein with four membrane passages, tetraspanins have a short loop on the cytosolic side and two loops on the outside. The extracellular domains are called the small extracellular domain (SED / SEL or EC1) and the longer loop of around 100 amino acids is called the large extracellular domain / loop (LED / LEL or EC2), with two disulfide bridges in the conserved sequence (E / C) CCGD ( W / F / Y) PCCGCC.
The binding specificity of the tetraspanins includes integrins , cadherins , Rac , matrix metalloproteinases , EGF receptor and ALCAM .
Representative
| protein | gene | Synonyms |
|---|---|---|
| TSPAN1 | TSPAN1 | TSP-1 |
| TSPAN2 | TSPAN2 | TSP-2 |
| TSPAN3 | TSPAN3 | TSP-3 |
| TSPAN4 | TSPAN4 | TSP-4, NAG-2 |
| TSPAN5 | TSPAN5 | TSP-5 |
| TSPAN6 | TSPAN6 | TSP-6 |
| TSPAN7 | TSPAN7 | CD231 / TALLA-1 / A15 |
| TSPAN8 | TSPAN8 | CO-029 |
| TSPAN9 | TSPAN9 | NET-5 |
| TSPAN10 | TSPAN10 | OCULOSPANIN |
| TSPAN11 | TSPAN11 | CD151-like |
| TSPAN12 | TSPAN12 | NET-2 |
| TSPAN13 | TSPAN13 | NET-6 |
| TSPAN14 | TSPAN14 | |
| TSPAN15 | TSPAN15 | NET-7 |
| TSPAN16 | TSPAN16 | TM4-B |
| TSPAN17 | TSPAN17 | |
| TSPAN18 | TSPAN18 | |
| TSPAN19 | TSPAN19 | |
| TSPAN20 | UPK1B | UP1b, UPK1B |
| TSPAN21 | TSPAN21 | UP1a, UPK1A |
| TSPAN22 | PRPH2 | RDS, PRPH2 |
| TSPAN23 | TSPAN23 | ROM1 |
| TSPAN24 | CD151 | CD151 |
| TSPAN25 | CD53 | CD53 |
| TSPAN26 | CD37 | CD37 |
| TSPAN27 | CD82 | CD82 |
| TSPAN28 | CD81 | CD81 |
| TSPAN29 | CD9 | CD9 |
| TSPAN30 | CD63 | CD63 |
| TSPAN31 | TSPAN31 | SAS |
| TSPAN32 | TSPAN32 | TSSC6 |
| TSPAN33 | TSPAN33 | |
| TSPAN34 | TSPAN34 |
literature
- ME. Hemler: Tetraspanin proteins promote multiple cancer stages. . In: Nat Rev Cancer . 14, No. 1, December 2013, pp. 49-60. doi : 10.1038 / nrc3640 . PMID 24362348 .
- S. Detchokul, ED. Williams, MW. Parker, AG. Frauman: Tetraspanins as regulators of the tumor microenvironment: implications for metastasis and therapeutic strategies. . In: Br J Pharmacol . June 2013. doi : 10.1111 / bph.12260 . PMID 23731188 .
- M. Sala-Valdés, N. Ailane, C. Greco, E. Rubinstein, C. Boucheix: Targeting tetraspanins in cancer. . In: Expert Opin Ther Targets . 16, No. 10, October 2012, pp. 985-97. doi : 10.1517 / 14728222.2012.712688 . PMID 22880813 .
- M. Köberle, S. Kaesler, W. Kempf, F. Wölbing, T. Biedermann: Tetraspanins in mast cells. . In: Front Immunol . 3, 2012, p. 106. doi : 10.3389 / fimmu.2012.00106 . PMID 22783251 .
- F. Wang, K. Vandepoele, M. Van Lijsebettens: Tetraspanin genes in plants. . In: Plant Sci . 190, July 2012, pp. 9-15. doi : 10.1016 / j.plantsci.2012.03.005 . PMID 22608515 .
- RL. Bailey, JM. Herbert, K. Khan, VL. Heath, R. Bicknell, MG. Tomlinson: The emerging role of tetraspanin microdomains on endothelial cells. . In: Biochem Soc Trans . 39, No. 6, December 2011, pp. 1667-73. doi : 10.1042 / BST20110745 . PMID 22103505 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Y. G. Yang, IN Sari, MF Zia, SR Lee, SJ Song, HY Kwon: Tetraspanins: Spanning from solid tumors to hematologic malignancies. In: Experimental hematology. Volume 44, Number 5, May 2016, pp. 322-328, doi : 10.1016 / j.exphem.2016.02.006 , PMID 26930362 .
- ↑ a b c X. Jiang, J. Zhang, Y. Huang: Tetraspanins in cell migration. In: Cell adhesion & migration. Volume 9, number 5, 2015, pp. 406-415, doi : 10.1080 / 19336918.2015.1005465 , PMID 26091149 , PMC 4955372 (free full text).
- ↑ C. Boucheix, E. Rubinstein: Tetraspanins. In: Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS. Volume 58, Number 9, August 2001, pp. 1189-1205, doi : 10.1007 / PL00000933 , PMID 11577978 .