Tityras

Tityras
White- naped Entityra ( Tityra semifasciata )
Systematics
Subclass : New-jawed birds (Neognathae) Order : Passerines (Passeriformes) Subordination : Screeching Birds (Tyranni) Partial order : Screaming birds of the New World (Tyrannides) without rank: Tyrannida Family : Tityras
Scientific name
Tityridae
Gray , 1840

The Tityras (Tityridae) are a family in the subordination of the shrieking birds (Tyranni). It occurs from Mexico to Uruguay and northern Argentina.

features

Tityras are small to medium-sized birds with an oval to cylindrical trunk, medium to large head, and a short, thick neck. The wings are medium in length, the square tail is medium to short. The legs are short, the feet are small. The beak is straight and strong. The plumage is very variable. Most species are dominated by a white, gray, black or brownish basic color. The males are in most cases more vividly colored than the females. The sitting position of the Tityras is relatively upright.

Way of life

Tityras are forest dwellers and occur in various forest habitats from relatively open dry forests to rainforests to cloud forests in the mountains. They are omnivores and feed mainly on insects, small vertebrates and fruits. All tityras in which reproduction has been studied are monogamous and in most cases both parents take care of clutches and young birds. In many species the nest is built in tree hollows from twigs, small roots and leaves, Pachyramphus species build a large, round nest, Myiobius species and Onychorhynchus species a hanging nest with a side entrance, the Flamehead Kotinga and the Schiffornis species an open, bowl-shaped nest. A clutch consists of two to four, rarely five eggs. The incubation period is 18 to 21 days, the chicks stay in the nest for 20 to 30 days until they fled.

Systematics

Most of the species that are counted among the Tityras today originally belonged to the family of ornamental birds (Cotingidae) or to the tyrants (Tyrannidae). However, studies on a molecular biological basis show that the Tityras form a monophyletic group. It is the sister group of the ornamental birds or the tyrants or the purrbirds (Pipridae).

species

Genera and species according to the IOC World Bird List, subfamilies and tribes according to Winkler, Billerman and Lovette and German names according to Avibase.

Mexico crown tyrant ( Onychorhynchus mexicanus )

Gray drop- winged tyrant ( Laniocera hypopyrra )

Olive mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis virescens )

White-throated dwarf cotinga ( Iodopleura pipra )

Cinnamon bark ( Pachyramphus cinnamomeus )

Cap notch ( Xenopsaris albinucha )

• Subfamily Onychorhynchinae
  • Genus Onychorhynchus
    • Crown Tyrant ( Onychorhynchus coronatus )
    • Mexico crown tyrant ( Onychorhynchus mexicanus )
    • Pacific Crown Tyrant ( Onychorhynchus occidentalis )
    • Atlantic crown tyrant ( Onychorhynchus swainsoni )
  • Genus Myiobius
    • Black-tailed bristle tyrant ( Myiobius atricaudus )
    • Yellow-rumped Tyrant ( Myiobius barbatus )
    • Brimstone bristle tyrant ( Myiobius sulphureipygius )
    • Mountain Tyrant ( Myiobius villosus )
  • Genus Terenotriccus
    • Red-tailed tyrant ( Terenotriccus erythrurus )
• Subfamily Oxyruncinae
  • Genus Oxyruncus
    • Flamehead kotinga ( Oxyruncus cristatus )
• Subfamily Tityrinae
  • Tribe Ptilochlorini
    • Genus Laniisoma
      • Schuppenbrustzuser ( Laniisoma elegans )
      • Buckley's Cotinga ( Laniisoma buckleyi )
    • Genus Laniocera
      • Gray drop- winged tyrant ( Laniocera hypopyrra )
      • Reddish drop- winged tyrant ( Laniocera rufescens )
    • Genus Schiffornis
      • Brown mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis aenea )
      • Zimttrauerkotinga ( Schiffornis major )
      • Guyana mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis olivacea )
      • Riostflügel mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis stenorhyncha )
      • Brown mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis turdina )
      • Northern mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis veraepacis )
      • Olive mourning kotinga ( Schiffornis virescens )
  • Tribe Tityrini
    • Genus Iodopleura
      • Brown-headed dwarf cotinga ( Iodopleura fusca )
      • White-browed dwarf cotinga ( Iodopleura isabellae )
      • White-throated dwarf cotinga ( Iodopleura pipra )
    • Genus Pachyramphus
      • Rose throat ( Pachyramphus aglaiae )
      • Gray-backed beech ( Pachyramphus albogriseus )
      • Graunackenbekarde ( Pachyramphus castaneus )
      • Cinnamon bark ( Pachyramphus cinnamomeus )
      • Einfarbbekarde ( Pachyramphus homochrous )
      • Black- backed beetle ( Pachyramphus major )
      • Striped back beech ( Pachyramphus marginatus )
      • Rosensternbekarde ( Pachyramphus minor )
      • Jamaican kard ( Pachyramphus niger )
      • White banded beech ( Pachyramphus polychopterus )
      • Gray feces ( Pachyramphus rufus )
      • Slate notch ( Pachyramphus spodiurus )
      • White-bellied flock ( Pachyramphus surinamus )
      • Schopfbekarde ( Pachyramphus validus )
      • Wellenbekarde ( Pachyramphus versicolor )
      • Grünrückenbekarde ( Pachyramphus viridis )
      • Yellow-cheeked flesh ( Pachyramphus xanthogenys )
    • Genus Tityra
      • Black- naped Entityra ( Tityra cayana )
      • Black- billed Tityra ( Tityra inquisitor )
      • White- naped Entityra ( Tityra semifasciata )
    • Genus Xenopsaris
      • Cap notch ( Xenopsaris albinucha )

literature

• David W. Winkler, Shawn M. Billerman, Irby J. Lovette: Bird Families of the World, An Invitation to the Spectacular Diversity of Birds. Lynx Edicions, December 2015, ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Tello, JG, RG Moyle, DJ Marchese, and J. Cracraft. 2009. Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotinga, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides) ( Memento of the original from April 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Cladistics 25: 1-39. 
2. ↑ Ericson, PGP, D. Zuccon, US Johansson, H. Alvarenga, and RO Prum. 2006. Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 471-483.
3. ↑ Ohlson, J., J. Fjeldså, and PGP Ericson. 2008. Tyrant flycatchers coming out in the open: Phylogeny and ecological radiation of Tyrannidae (Aves, Passeriformes). Zoologica Scripta 37: 315-335.
4. ↑ Chesser, RT 2004. Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 11-24.
5. ^ Barber, BR and NH Rice. 2007. Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea). Auk 124 (4): 1317-1329.
6. ↑ Cotingas, manakins, tityras & becards
7. ^ Avibase - the world bird database

Web links

Commons : Tityridae  - collection of images, videos and audio files