White-browed dwarf kotinga
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White-browed dwarf cotinga , female |
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| Iodopleura isabellae | ||||||||||||
| Parzudaki , 1847 |
The white-browed dwarf cotinga ( Iodopleura isabellae ) is a South American species of bird from the family of the Tityras (Tityridae).
description
The bird reaches a body length of 11.5 cm and a weight of about 18 grams. The upper side is brown-black, with white spots on the face, and a strip of the rump is white. The throat and the underside in the middle are white, their sides are white, striped brown, and spotted. The male has a red spot on each side, these are white in the females. Usually the spots are mostly hidden under the wings and only become visible when they are opened. The crimson spots are shown by the male in exhibition fights to deter rivals. The wings, similar to the wings of swallows, are relatively long. The tail is short, the control feathers only reach 5 to 10 mm behind the tail covers .
distribution
The species lives in the north of South America , in the Amazon . It occurs in the west of the Amazon basin, in the upper Orinoco catchment area in southern Venezuela, in the southeast of Colombia, east of Ecuador and Peru, and in the north of Bolivia ( Pando ) and Brazil (east to Pará and Maranhão ). In the north, in the mountains of Guiana , it is replaced by the brown-headed dwarf kotinga ( Iodopleura fusca ). In the west, in the Mata Atlântica of Brazil, the range of the white-throated dwarf kotinga ( Iodopleura pipra ) borders.
Habitat and way of life
The white-browed dwarf kotinga colonizes tree canopies and, more rarely, the edges of the rainforest and secondary forests , essentially below 700 m altitude. The species lives mainly in the canopy of rainforests and is therefore difficult to observe from the ground; it is considered to be rather rare in most of its range. He often sits on dry branches. It often appears in pairs, but does not form swarms or other larger social groups. It feeds on flying insects , but also eats various fruits (e.g. mistletoe ). Other authors rate him as an unspecialized fruit eater.
The white-browed dwarf cotinga nests in the canopy. Nest building was rarely observed. Andrew Whittaker observed a couple building nests in Loreto , Peru, the only other published observation from Pará shows similar behavior. The nest was in the crown of a fairly loose-crowned legume species, about 4 to 5 meters below the tip, on a thin, horizontal branch. It resembled a hummingbird nest in shape. Both parent animals upholstered the shallow nest shell with spider threads, some of which were attached with sticky droppings as glue. Another sticky substance, possibly choked sticky berries from a mistletoe, was also used. The parents were accompanied by a third bird, probably a young animal from the previous year.
Taxonomy
The genus Iodopleura comprises three species that occur in separate but adjoining distribution areas (parapatric) in the Amazon, east of the Andes. The affiliation of the genus to the subfamily Tityrinae, and its monophyly were suggested in phylogenomic studies.
According to Alan P. Peterson, there are two subspecies :
- Iodopleura isabellae isabellae Parzudaki , 1847 ( eastern Colombia , southern Venezuela , eastern Ecuador , eastern Peru , western Brazil and northern Bolivia )
- Iodopleura isabellae paraensis Todd , 1950 ( Eastern Brazil )
The International Ornithological Union does not recognize subspecies.
Danger
The IUCN classifies the species as harmless (least concern, LC), among other things because of its extremely large distribution area.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d Robert Ridgely, Guy Tudor: Field guide to the songbirds of South America: the passerines . University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas 2009, ISBN 978-0-292-71748-0 . }
- ^ A b c Andrew Whittaker & Guy M. Kirwan (2008): Natural history data for the canopy-dwelling purpletufts Iodopleura (Cotingidae), and first documentation of Dusky Purpletuft I. fusca for Brazil. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 128 (1): 28-35.
- ↑ D. Snow: White-browed Purpletuft (Iodopleura isabellae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, DA & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 2016 ( online ).
- ^ Daniel M. Brooks, Lucio Pando-Vasquez, Angel Ocmin-Petit (1999): Comparative Life History of Cotingas in the Northern Peruvian Amazon. Ornithologia Neotropical 10: 193-206.
- ↑ Per GP Ericson, Dario Zuccon, Jan I. Ohlson, Ulf S. Johansson, Herculano Alvarenga, Richard O. Prum (2006): Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 471-483. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.03.031
- ↑ Jan Olson, Jon Fjeldså, Per GP Ericson (2008): Tyrant flycatchers coming out in the open: phylogeny and ecological radiation of Tyrannidae (Aves, Passeriformes). Zoologica Scripta 37: 315-335.
- ↑ Zoonomen Zoological Nomenclature Resource edited by Alan P. Peterson
- ↑ Cotingas, manakins, tityras & becards. IOC World Birdlist, version 6.4
- ^ Iodopleura isabellae in the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN 2016-2. Posted by: BirdLife International on October 1, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Web links
Wikispecies: Iodopleura isabellae - species directory