Tummo

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tibetan name
Tibetan script :
གཏུམ་ མོ་
Wylie transliteration :
gTum · mo
Other spellings:
shortened: གཏུམ ོ་ gTumo ; Tumo, Tum-mo
Chinese name
Traditional :
靈 熱
The word "Tummo" in Tibetan script
Tummo practice in the Pyrenees

Tummo ( Tibetan for "internal heat, the fire inside of / the Grim, raging wife"; Sanskrit चण्ड , IAST -Transliteration candali or CandA ) is the name for an advanced, tantrische meditation technique of vajrayana - Buddhist . The external goal and thus the origin of the name of this contemplative practice is the conscious strong increase in body temperature with simultaneous immunization against low ambient temperatures without the aid of external means. The inner goal of this mental exercise is the directed energy guidance from the inside to the outside, in order to extinguish negative feelings, thoughts and attitudes through "burning".

origin

This v. a. Meditation technique made famous by Tibetan Buddhism can be traced back to the Tibetan master Nāropa (1016–1100). In his Six Yogas of Naropa (also: Six Doctrines of Naropa or Six Dharmas of Naropa , Tibetan ནཱ་ རོ་ ཆོས་ དྲུག ་, Wylie-Transliteration nA ro chos drug ) he documented the technique of "mystical heat" in writing and for the first time prepared them systematically. He in turn received his skills and knowledge from his teacher Tilopa (988-1069) in long years of hard and demanding mental training and numerous practical exercises. Some also followed secret teaching lines. Tummo is said to have been passed on exclusively orally until the 10th century of our era. The Tibetan Bon tradition also teaches Tummo. One of the most famous people practicing tummo was Milarepa (1040–1123), who enjoys a position similar to a national saint within the Tibetan people. The second part of his full name, Jetsün Milarepa, is derived directly from the perfection of this meditation technique: The repa , a simple cotton robe, is said to have been sufficient clothing for him in every season.

technology

The practice of Tummo requires, due to its extremely powerful, energetic emanation , i.e. its specific unfolding effect , a certain minimum of meditative ability and spiritual knowledge. In Tibetan Buddhism, this is ensured by so-called preparatory exercises. According to Stanislav Grof, attempting to use the technique without having the necessary knowledge can lead to serious physical and psychological complications.

According to their historical origin from Vedic yoga , the relevant elements are

  • posture (Sanskrit आसन , IAST transliteration āsana ),
  • the gesture (Sanskrit मुद्रा , IAST transliteration mudrā ),
  • mastery of the breath (Sanskrit प्राणायाम , IAST transliteration prāṇāyāma ),
  • the self- less immersion (Sanskrit ध्यान , IAST transliteration dhyāna ) and
  • the affirmative sensualization (mostly visual and haptic).

Through the interaction of the above-mentioned components, finely tuned in terms of time and content, the life energy (Sanskrit प्राण , IAST transliteration prāṇa , also Kundalini , Tibetan རླུང་ , Wylie transliteration rLung , Chinese Qi ) is transmitted through the energy channels (Sanskrit नाडी , IAST transliteration nāḍī , Tibetan རྩ ་, Wylie transliteration rTsa ) so concentrated on defined main energy centers (Sanskrit चक्र , IAST transliteration cakra , Tibetan ཁོར་ ལོ་ , Wylie transliteration kHor lo ) that an evoked catharsis leads to an increase in body temperature.

research

Several studies have been carried out for scientific investigation (Benson et al., 1982; Cromie, 2002; Richard Davidson 2006). Even in the first experiments in Dharamsala , India , an increase in the temperature in the subjects' fingers of up to 8.3 ° C was measured as a result of the use of the Tummo technique  . From a physiological point of view, there is a causal relationship between the practice of the technique and the observable changes that can be related to biological state variables and the like. a. based on a sensitization of the perception of inner-body processes and an at least partial, conscious intervention based on this (see also psychosomatics , biofeedback ).

The Dutchman Wim Hof broke the world record in ice bathing with the method in 2011 when he stood up to his neck in ice water for 1 hour, 52 minutes and 42 seconds.

literature

German books

  • Brennan, HJ: monks, magicians and shamans. The Secret Practices of the Spiritual Masters of Tibet , Publisher: Ansata (August 3, 2006), ISBN 978-3-7787-8188-3
  • David-Néel, Alexandra : Saints and Sorcerers. Faith and superstition in the land of Lamaism . WA Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1931. No ISBN
  • David-Néel, Alexandra: My way through heaven and hells . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt / main, 2007. ISBN 978-3-596-16458-5
  • Evans-Wentz, Walter Y .: Milarepa, Tibet's great yogi . OW Barth, Frankfurt / Main 1998. ISBN 3-502-65191-4
  • Govinda, Anagarika : The Path of the White Clouds. Experiences of a Buddhist pilgrim in Tibet . OW Barth bei Scherz, Frankfurt / Main 2004. ISBN 3-502-61148-3
  • Yeshe, Lama Thubten: Inner fire. A meditation practice from the Six Yogas of Naropa . Diamant Verlag, Munich / Germany 2007. ISBN 3-9805798-6-7

Books in other languages

  • Brennan, JH: Tibetan magic and mysticism . Llewellyn Worldwide, Woodbury, MN / USA 2006. ISBN 0-7387-0713-9
  • Mullin, Glenn H .: The Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa . Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY / USA 2006. ISBN 1-55939-256-8
  • Mullin, Glenn H .: The Six Yogas of Naropa: Tsongkhapa's Commentary . Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY / USA 2005. ISBN 1-55939-234-7

Publications in magazines

  • Benson, Herbert; Lehmann, John W .; Malhotra, MS, Goldman, Ralph F .; Hopkins, Jeffrey; Epstein, Mark D .: Body temperature changes during the practice of g Tum-mo yoga . Letter to Nature Magazine, January 21, 1982. Nature 295, 234-236
  • Cromie, William J .: Research: Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Gazette, April 18, 2002
  • Davidson, Richard J .; Lutz, Antoine; Dunne, John D .: Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction (in: Moscovitch, Morris; Zelazo, Philip; Thompson, Evan: Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, Chap. 19, pp. 499-554) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, (USA), Nov 2006.
  • Ding-E Young, John and Taylor, Eugene: Meditation as a Voluntary Hypometabolic State of Biological Estivation . News in Physiological Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 3: 149-153, June 1998
  • Evans-Wentz, Walter Y. (Editor): Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa: A Biography from the Tibetan being the Jetsün-Kabbum or Biographical History of Jetsün-Milarepa, According to the Late Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English Rendering . USA: Oxford University Press, 2000
  • Lukoff, David; Lu Francis G. & Turner, Robert P .: From Spiritual Emergency to Spiritual Problem: The Transpersonal Roots of the New DSM-IV Category . Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 38 (2), 21-50. 1998

Internet

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. http://www.nitartha.org
  2. http://www.spokensanskrit.de
  3. Grof, Stanislav; Grof, Christina Spiritual crises. Chances of self-discovery . Kösel Verlag, Kempten 1990. ISBN 3-466-34251-1
    Turner, Robert P .; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu, Francis G. Religious or Spiritual Problem. A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 183, 1995, no. 7 435-444.