Six yogas from Naropa

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Tibetan name
Tibetan script :
ནཱ་ རོ་ ཆོས་ དྲུག་
Wylie transliteration :
nA ro chos drug
Official transcription of the PRCh :
Ming Xing Dao Liu Cheng Jiu Fa
Other spellings:
Nāro Chödrug, Naro Chodrog
Chinese name
Simplified :
那 洛 六法
Pinyin :
Naruo liu fa
"Six Yogas of Naropa" in Tibetan script

The Six Yogas of Naropa (also: Six doctrines / Dharma / teachings of Naropa or path of the six-time completion of the mind ), the collective term for a self-contained curriculum of advanced tantric meditation techniques of Vajrayana - Buddhism , which is due in this systematically documented form to the eponymous Tibetan Buddhist master Nāropa (1016–1100).

The external aim of practicing and perfecting these contemplative practices is to achieve magical powers called Siddhis . The inner goal of these mystical mind exercises is direct and thus accelerated awareness of the highest truth through enlightenment compared to other techniques .

Origin and history

Nāropa got his skills and knowledge from his teacher Tilopa (* 988; † 1069) in years of mental training and numerous practical exercises. Some also followed secret teaching lines. Later, as a realized master, he himself passed on the wisdom of the Great Seal , the Mahamudra , to his student Marpa (* 1012; † 1097). It is an integral part of the Kagyu tradition , one of the great Buddhist schools.

In addition, the Six Yogas are also practiced and mastered by many members of the so-called yellow hats and by cross-lineage masters such as the Dalai Lama .

Related traditions

The Six Yogas of Niguma correspond, with a few differences, to the Six Yogas of Nāropa . The Dakini Niguma was the spiritual companion of Nāropa. Their later passing on of the Six Yoga tradition to the yogi Khyungpo Naljor is considered the basis for the establishment of the Shangpa Kagyu School .

Systematics

The following subdivision of the underlying individual exercises is the most common. The first three techniques are seen as the primary components of the so-called completion level (Tibetan རྫོགས་ རིམ་, Wylie transliteration rdzogs rim , Sanskrit saṃpanna-krama ) within anuttarayoga tantra .

  1. Tummo , the yoga of the inner fire (Tibetan གཏུམ ོ་, Wylie transliteration gTum mo , Sanskrit चण्ड, IAST transliteration caṇḍa or caṇḍalī , Chinese 靈 熱)
  2. Gyulü , the yoga of the body of illusion (Tibetan སྒྱུ་ ལུས་, Wylie transliteration sGyu lus , Sanskrit māyākāyā or mahādeha , Chinese 幻 觀)
  3. Milam , the yoga of taking consciousness away (Tibetan རྨི་ལམ་, Wylie transliteration rMi lam , Sanskrit svapnadarśana , Chinese 夢 觀)
  4. Ösel , the yoga of clear light (Tibetan འོད་ གསལ་, Wylie transliteration 'od gSal , Sanskrit ābhāsvara , Chinese 光明 or 淨光)
  5. Bardo , the yoga of the intermediate state (Tibetan བར་ དོ་, Wylie transliteration bar do , Sanskrit अन्तर्भाव, IAST transliteration antarbhāva , Chinese 中 有)
  6. Phowa , the yoga of the transmission of consciousness (Tibetan འཕོ་ བ་, Wylie transliteration 'pho ba , Sanskrit saṃkrānti , Chinese 遷 識)

In addition, more differentiated (up to 10 individual techniques ) or systematizations based on other paradigms are used.

Additional or combined techniques are also:

  • The yoga of consciousness projection, a secret technique composed of Phowa, Ösel and Gyulü, in which one's own stream of consciousness is projected into a foreign body.
  • The so-called Seventh Yoga (Tib. Trong-dschuk ,), which as a variation of Phowa enables meditators to transfer their own consciousness into a dying or already dead body. This practice has not survived in Tibet.
  • The yoga of the seal of love (Tibetan ལས་ ཀྱི་ ཕྱག་ རྒྱ་, Wylie transliteration las kyi phyag rgya , Sanskrit karmamudrā ) is a further technique of tantra yoga, in which the tummo is involved with the involvement of an equal (sexual) partner -Technique is refined and deepened.
  • In the Vajra verses of the Secret Tradition, Nāropa himself names the practice of yoga of self-liberation from duality .

technology

The practice of the Six Yogas requires, due to their extremely powerful, energetic emanations , i.e. their specific unfolding effects and, above all, their far-reaching consequences, a high degree of meditative ability and spiritual knowledge. This is ensured in Tibetan Buddhism by:

  • so-called preparatory exercises
  • the explicit initiation of an experienced, trustworthy master
  • an extremely disciplined, long-term training .

The attempt to perform the Six Yogas in whole or in part without having the appropriate basics, instructions and assistance is possible, but can sometimes lead to serious and possibly irreversible physical and psychological complications.

According to their historical origin from Vedic yoga, the essential elements of each individual technique are

  • the posture (Sanskrit Asana ),
  • the gesture (sanskrit mudra ),
  • mastery of the breath (Sanskrit pranayama ),
  • the affirmative sensualization (mostly visual and haptic ),
  • the self-less meditation (Tibetan Dhyana ) and
  • the permanent realization of a super-conscious, non-dual state of mindfulness (Sanskrit Samadhi ).

Since the above individual exercises and the relevant cross-referencing knowledge are closely linked and build on each other, an initially serial practice of the components is more productive.

See also

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German books

  • David-Néel, Alexandra Saints and Witcher. Faith and superstition in the land of Lamaism . WA Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1931. No ISBN
  • Mullin, Glenn H. Secret Doctrines of Tibetan Meditation. Introduction to Tantric Buddhism. The six yogas of Naropa . Aquamarin, Grafing, 2000. ISBN 3-89427-143-4
  • Yeshe, Lama Thubten Inner fire. A meditation practice from the Six Yogas of Naropa . Diamant Verlag, Munich / Germany 2007. ISBN 3-9805798-6-7

Books in other languages

  • Brennan JH Tibetan magic and mysticism . Llewellyn Worldwide, Woodbury, MN / USA 2006. ISBN 0-7387-0713-9
  • Günther, Herbert V. Life and Teaching of Naropa . Shambala Publications, Boston, 1963. ISBN 1-57062-101-2
  • Keown, Damien A Dictionary of Buddhism . Oxford University Press, Oxford, Great Britain, 2003. ISBN 0-19-860560-9
  • Mullin, Glenn H. The Six Yogas of Naropa: Tsongkhapa's Commentary . Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY / USA 2005. ISBN 1-55939-234-7
  • Trungpa, Chogyam Illusion's Game: The Life and Teaching of Naropa: Life and Teachings of Naropa . Shambala Publication, Boston, MA / USA 1994. ISBN 0-87773-857-2
  • Wangyal, Tenzin The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep . Snow Lion Publications, Ithaa, NY / USA 1998. ISBN

Internet

Footnotes

  1. ^ Günther, Herbert V. Life and Teaching of Naropa . Oxford University Press, London, 1972. ISBN 0-19-501473-1
  2. ↑ Cornu, Philippe Dictionnaire encyclopédique du Bouddhisme . Editions du Seuil, Paris / France, 2001.
  3. ^ "Dalai Lama The teachings of Tibetan Buddhism. Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, Hamburg, 1998 "