Tybrind vig

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tybrind vig is a site of the Ertebølle culture on Funen in Denmark . The site dates between 5600 and 4000 BC. Chr.

location

Tybrind vig is located 13 km southeast of Middelfart , about 250 meters from the beach and three meters below the sea level of the Baltic Sea . The once coastal residential area sank with the postglacial sea ​​level rise and land subsidence below the "tilting axis of Denmark" in the sea.

The settlement of Mesolithic hunter- gatherers and fishermen was near a river mouth in a shallow brackish water bay that had only narrow connections to the Little Belt because of an offshore island . The actual settlement has largely been eroded, and a layer of rubbish has been preserved in the flushing edge of the Baltic Sea.

excavation

Tybrind vig was discovered in 1975. It was the first site in Denmark that was investigated as an underwater excavation between 1977 and 1987 under the direction of Sören H. Andersen, (born 1942). The settlement has two layers, the lower one belongs to the akeramischen phase of the Ertebölle culture and dates 5600-4750 BC. Chr. (Cal). The debris consists of sandy gyttja , which contains clams, stones and tree trunks. The upper layer, a thick layer of brown, homogeneous gyttja with isolated mollusc remains, dates to the late Ertebölle culture, 4750–4000 BC. Chr. (Cal.) Or Dyrholmen II phase.

Finds

The divers found well-preserved artifacts of the Ertebølle culture : ceramics, flint tools , tools made of bone, horn and wood.

Ends of a bow made in the Tybrind vig style

Notable finds include some of the oldest textiles in Northern Europe. They were made from willow bast in a variety of needle binding .

Vig in Tybrind also were dugouts from lime wood and partially decorated, heart-shaped paddle from ash found. 9.5 m (95%) of dugout canoe I have been preserved, while only 3.2 and 5.2 m of dugout canoes II and III have been preserved. In the stern of dugout canoes I and II there was a hearth on a clay lens measuring 60 × 35 cm and up to 3 cm thick directly on the bottom of the boat.

nutrition

Remnants of fish fences , fish hooks , traps and fish spears are evidence of the fishing . Among the mammal bones , red deer , roe deer and wild boar predominate . A total of about 5000 bones were recovered, 4330 of which were identifiable. Most of them date from the period between 5700 and 5200 BP. An examination of the plant debris revealed that plants played an important role in the diet. Isotope values ​​(δC and δN) indicate that individual F mainly ate terrestrial foods. Lipid analyzes of 46 vessels showed primarily marine biomarkers . After an analysis of the red deer bones (26 individuals), Trolle-Lassen concluded that the settlement could be used all year round. In contrast, Peter Rowlwy-Conwy (born 1951) points out that almost all animals were killed between July and October and therefore considers the settlement to be seasonal. In order to check these assumptions, Carter analyzed seven teeth of red deer, according to their age structure the settlement was in use all year round. The main hunting season for red deer was in fact July to October, with marine animals added to the diet in late winter. Tybrind vig is cited as evidence of increased sedentariness in the late Ertebölle culture.

Fur animals were hunted or trapped, but not necessarily eaten. Pine marten , badger , ferret , fox , otter and wildcat are documented . For example, 658 pine marten bones were found, mostly in the form of complete skeletons, up to six individuals together. The skeletons have cut marks on the skull, lower jaw, pelvis and extremities.

Human remains

The dead from the Ertebølle residential areas in Vedbæk and Skateholm ( Sweden ) were buried in the immediate vicinity of the residential area. It was similar at Tybrind vig. The grave of a 13 to 14 year old woman and a three month old child and the bones and bone fragments of at least two other people were recovered. One of the skull fragments is believed to have come from a man and shows traces of two healed lesions . Grave goods were not found, but the water had "dug up" the grave so gently that even the child's bones were still in place . A C14 dating assigns it to the earliest phase of the Ertebølle culture. Burial F returned a date of 6750 ± 80 BP (K-3558).

See also

literature

  • Svend Erik Albrethsen, Erik Brinch Petersen: Excavation of a Mesolithic Cemetery at Vedbæk, Denmark . In: Acta Archaeologica . tape 47 , 1976, ISSN  0065-101X , pp. 1-28 .
  • Søren H. Andersen: Tybrind vig. Foreløbig meddelse om en undersøisk stenalderboplads ved Lillebælt. In: Antikvariske Studier. Vol. 4, 1980, ZDB -ID 227200-3 , pp. 7-22.
  • Søren H. Andersen: Tybrind vig. Submerged Mesolithic settlements in Denmark (= Jutland Archaeological Society Publications. 77). Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg 2013, ISBN 978-87-88415-78-0 .
  • Karsten Kjer Michaelsen: Politics bog om Danmarks oldtid . Gyldendals Bogklubber i samarbejde med Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, Copenhagen 2002. ISBN 87-567-6458-8 , p. 166.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lucyna Kubiak-Martens: The plant food component of the diet at the late Mesolithic (Ertebølle) settlement at Tybrind Vig, Denmark. In: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Vol. 8, No. 1/2, 1999, pp. 117-127 ISSN  0939-6314 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02042850 .
  2. ↑ Lucyna Kubiak-Martens, The plant food component of the diet at the late Mesolithic (Ertebølle) settlement at Tybrind Vig, Denmark. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, 1/2, 1999, 118, doi : 10.1007 / BF02042850 .
  3. ↑ In Denmark and Great Britain , where the northern part is subject to a land uplift due to a central tilting axis, this causes a subsidence in the southern part.
  4. Jump up ↑ Richard J. Carter, Dental indicators of seasonal human presence at the Danish Boreal sites of Holmegaard I, IV and V and Mullerup and the Atlantic sites of Tybrind Vig and Ringkloster. Holocene 11/3, 2001, 360
  5. ↑ Lucyna Kubiak-Martens, The plant food component of the diet at the late Mesolithic (Ertebølle) settlement at Tybrind Vig, Denmark. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, 1/2, 1999, 118, doi : 10.1007 / BF02042850
  6. ↑ Jan Harff, Wolfram Lemke, Fritz Lüth, Thomas Terberger , Harald Lübke, Ulrich Schmölcke, Dirk Heinrich, Sunken settlements. Archeology in Germany (special issue diving into the past: Underwater archeology in the North and Baltic Seas) 2004, 30, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26315318 .
  7. ↑ https://www.abc.se/~pa/publ/tybrind.htm
  8. ↑ Susanna Harris, Sensible Dress: the Sight, Sound, Smell and Touch of Late Ertebølle Mesolithic Cloth Types. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24/1, 2014, 41
  9. ↑ Sören H. Andersen, Ertebølle canoes and paddles from the submerged habitation site of Tybrind Vig, Denmark. In: J. Benjamin et al. (Ed.), Submerged prehistory . Oxford, Oxbow 2011, 1-14.
  10. Jump up ↑ Jan Harff, Wolfram Lemke, Friedrich Lüth, Thomas Terberger, Harald Lübke, Ulrich Schmölcke, Dirk Heinrich, Sunken settlements. Archeology in Germany , SPECIAL ISSUE: DIVE INTO THE PAST: UNDERWATER ARCHEOLOGY IN THE NORTH SEA AND BALTIC SEA 2004, 30, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26315318 .
  11. ↑ Jane Richter, Selective hunting of pine marten, Martes martes, in Late Mesolithic Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 2005, 1224
  12. ↑ Lucyna Kubiak-Martens, The plant food component of the diet at the late Mesolithic (Ertebølle) settlement at Tybrind Vig, Denmark. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, 1999, 117-127
  13. ↑ Michael P. Richards, T. Douglas Price, Eva Koch, Mesolithic and Neolithic Subsistence in Denmark: New Stable Isotope Data. Current Anthropology 44/2, 2003, 291. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/367971291
  14. ↑ Oliver E. Craig, Val J. Steele, Anders Fischer, Sönke Hartz, Søren H. Andersen, Paul Donohoe, Aikaterini Glykou, Hayley Saul, D. Martin Jones, Eva Koch, Carl P. Heron, Ancient lipids reveal continuity in culinary practices across the transition to agriculture in Northern Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108/44, 2011, 17910-17915. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41352626 .
  15. ↑ Tine Trolle-Lassen, Butchering of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), a case study from the Late Mesolithic settlement of Tybrind Vig, Denmark. Journal of Danish Archeology 9, 1990, 7-37.
  16. ↑ Peter Roxwley-Conwy, meat, furs and skins: Mesolithic animal bones from ring Monastery, a seasonal hunting camp in Jutland. Journal of Danish Archeology 12, 1994/95, 87-98
  17. Jump up ↑ Richard J. Carter, Dental indicators of seasonal human presence at the Danish Boreal sites of Holmegaard I, IV and V and Mullerup and the Atlantic sites of Tybrind Vig and Ringkloster. Holocene 11/3, 2001, fig. 3
  18. Jump up ↑ Richard J. Carter, Dental indicators of seasonal human presence at the Danish Boreal sites of Holmegaard I, IV and V and Mullerup and the Atlantic sites of Tybrind Vig and Ringkloster. Holocene 11/3, 2001, 364
  19. ^ Richard J. Carter, A Method to Estimate the Ages at Death of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Developing Mandibular Dentition and its Application to Mesolithic NW Europe. In: Deborah Ruscillo (ed.), 9th ICAZ Conference, Durham 2002, Recent Advances in Aging and Sexing Animal Bones . Oxford, Oxbow Books 2015, 57
  20. ↑ Susanna Harris, Sensible Dress: the Sight, Sound, Smell and Touch of Late Ertebølle Mesolithic Cloth Types. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24/1, 2014, 44
  21. ↑ T. Trolle-Lassen, Human exploitation of the pinemarten (Martes martes (L.)) at the Late Mesolithic settlement of Tybrind Vig in western Funen. Striae 24, 1986, 121-23, cited from Nick J. Overton, More than Skin Deep: Reconsidering isolated Remains of 'Fur-Bearing Species' in the British and European Mesolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26/4, 2016, 562
  22. ↑ Jane Richter, Selective hunting of pine marten, Martes martes, in Late Mesolithic Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 2005, 1226.
  23. ^ Henrik Tauber, 14C dating of human beings in relation to dietary habits. In: Mook and Waterbolk (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium 14 C and Archeology Groningen 1981 , PACT 8, 1983, 365-375.

Web links

Coordinates: 55 ° 23 ′ 3 ″  N , 9 ° 50 ′ 4 ″  E