Willow Milchling
| Willow Milchling | ||||||||||||
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| Lactarius salicis-herbaceae | ||||||||||||
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The willow or herb willow Milchling ( Lactarius salicis-herbaceae ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a small milkling with a smeary, yellowish hat, the flesh of which slowly turns purple when cut. The Milchling grows in arctic and alpine locations near dwarf pastures. Although it tastes almost mild, it is considered inedible.
features
Macroscopic features
The thin- fleshed hat is 0.8–3 cm wide, arched when young, soon flattened and depressed in the middle. Sometimes the middle of the hat has a small hump or papilla . The smooth surface is matt when dry and shiny and greasy when wet. The hat is yellow to ocher yellow, slightly darker in the center, the edge zone is usually pale to cream-colored. In young specimens, the edge is curved, smooth and slightly shaggy with hair. Sometimes the hat is indistinctly zoned.
The medium-wide, rather narrow lamellae are whitish when young and later cream-colored. They are attached to the stem or run down a bit. They turn pale purple when pressed. Sometimes some lamellae are forked, the spore powder is cream-colored.
The more or less cylindrical and only occasionally thickened stalk is 0.6–2.5 cm long and 0.4–0.8 cm wide. The surface is smooth, dry and finely frosted when young, but later it becomes bald. The initially whitish to pale cream-colored stalk turns yellowish to ocher from the base. Initially it is full inside, but it soon becomes hollow.
The whitish, brittle flesh turns a light purple color on cut after a few minutes. It only smells faint and uncharacteristic and tastes mild or somewhat astringent . The white milk also tastes more or less mild and remains unchanged white without contact with the meat.
Microscopic features
The round to elliptical spores are on average 9.2–10.3 µm long and 7.5–7.6 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is on average 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament is up to 0.4 µm high and consists of a few, irregular warts and ribs, most of which are connected to form an almost complete network. The hilly spot is mostly inamyloid , rarely it can be somewhat amyloid in the outer area .
The rather clubbed, 4-spore basidia are 40–55 µm long and 8–12 µm wide. The fairly numerous pleuromacrocystids are 55–80 µm long and 8–11 µm wide. They are almost cylindrical to slightly spindle-shaped, have a small pointed tip (mucronate) at the top or are constricted like a string of pearls (moniliform). The lamellar edges are fertile. Between the basidia there are some spindle-shaped cheilomacrocystids that are 30–50 µm long and 8–10 µm wide.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 60–100 µm thick ixocutis or an ixotrichoderm , which consists of irregularly intertwined, but in places also parallel, 2–3 (5) µm wide, thin-walled and translucent hyphae. In between there are quite a number of lactifera .
Species delimitation
The orange mountain milkling ( Lactarius alpinus ) looks macroscopically very similar to the willow milkling and also grows in alpine locations. However, it is associated with green alder and has a dry hat that is not greasy even when moist. It also differs in its cap skin anatomy and its white, completely unchangeable milk. The net willow milkling ( Lactarius salicis-retculatae ) , which also grows on alpine dwarf shrub heaths, is even more similar . Its flesh and lamellae also become purple-mottled when pressed, but it has darker, more or less cream-colored fruiting bodies, a spore ornamentation that is barely networked, larger basidia and prefers calcareous soils.
Ecology and diffusion
The Milchling is widespread in Fennoscandinavia, the Alps, the Spanish Pyrenees and Greenland. In Germany, the Milchling was only found in the Bavarian Alps and the Milchling is also rare in Switzerland.
The Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with herb willows ( Salix herbacea ) and other dwarf willows. It is often found in dwarf shrub heaths on moist and acidic silicate soils. The fruiting bodies appear solitary or gregarious between August and September.
Systematics
The French mycologist R. Kühner studied the mushroom world in the French Alps extensively and described the milkling in his work "Agaricales de la zone alpine" (1975) as Lactarius salis-herbaceae . Today, however, the correct spelling " salicis-herbaceae " is used. Kühner's detailed account leaves no room for doubt in the interpretation of the species. However, in 1904 the Norwegian botanist A. Blytt described a very similar and possibly synonymous taxon with L. luteus . The Norwegian mycologist L. Ryvarden , who translated the description of the species into English, which was written in Danish, states that he regularly finds the willow milkling at the original Norwegian site (near Dovre ). Even if a Latin species diagnosis is missing and no type specimen was given in the description, Blytt has validly described his species, since the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature have only made this mandatory since 1935 and 1958. If the two species were really identical, the name luteus would therefore have priority. Unfortunately, Blytt has not given a type and no herbarium evidence could be found, so that a molecular biological or microscopic confirmation has not yet been possible.
In addition to the type variety salicis-herbaceae , Kühner also described a variety immutabilis , which differs from type in its sparse milk and the property that the flesh does not turn purple or pale purple. The taxonomic value of the variety is, however, highly doubted by today's mycologists.
Inquiry systematics
M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen place the Milchling in the Aspideini subsection , which in turn is assigned to the Uvidi section . The representatives of the subsection have more or less greasy, sticky or slimy hats that are cream-colored to yellowish in color. The whitish milk turns the flesh purple or purple.
meaning
The willow milkling is not an edible mushroom.
swell
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 100-101 (English).
- G. Corriol: Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungi. (Summer Feltia 31). Oslo 2008, ISBN 82-7420-045-4 , pp. 29-99.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Synonyms of Lactarius salicis-herbaceae. Kühner [as 'salis-herbaceae'], Bull. Trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 91: 68 (1975). In: indexfungorum / indexfungorum.org. Retrieved November 1, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 100-101 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 100.
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 4, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne, Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 , 2006, ISBN 87-635-1277-7 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 (Museum Tusculanum Press, p. 56).
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius salicis-herbaceae. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 271-73 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ G. Corriol: Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungi. (Summer Feltia 31). Oslo 2008, ISBN 978-82-7420-045-6 , pp. 29-99. (online at: versita.metapress.com , English) ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Lactarius luteus. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 19, 2013 (English, originals, Danish description of the species by L. luteus and English translation by L. Ryvarden). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 220, 241-46 (Italian).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 23-28 .
Web links
- Lactarius salicis-herbaceae. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved November 1, 2012 (English, original Latin description).
- Photos of Lactarius salicis-herbaceae. In: http://fungi.fr/ . Retrieved January 18, 2013 (French).