Wind energy in China
The wind energy in China plays an important role in the international wind industry . The People's Republic of China has been the country with the largest installed wind energy capacity for several years: in 2015 it was 145.1 GW, in 2017 188.2 GW, in 2018 it exceeded 200 GW and reached 217 GW in mid-2019. China has the most employees in the wind industry with 510,000 employees, followed by Germany with 160,000 jobs.
The most important manufacturer of wind turbines in China is Goldwind , which has a global market share of 12.3%. The most important manufacturer of offshore plants is Haizhuang Wind Power Equipment with a worldwide market share of 2.7%.
Development history of wind energy in China
The Chinese government has been advocating the development of the wind industry since the 1970s. In order to get closer to the goal of her own wind industry, she pursued the strategy of importing mature third-party technologies in order to improve her own turbines and to produce important parts and accessories locally.
In 2002, the output of the wind turbines was just 100 megawatts , as the government has been focusing increasingly on the topic of wind energy since 2005 , this has multiplied to 72 gigawatts by the end of 2013 . In 2013, wind turbines in China produced 135 terawatt hours of electrical energy, which accounted for 2.5% of the total Chinese electricity production at the time. The government's great interest in wind energy is due to its mature technology compared to some other renewable energies, as well as its commercializability, China's high wind capacity, and the drive to make wind energy one of China's key industries .
In 2003, an expansion target of 20 gigawatts (GW) of capacity by 2020 was set. This target was increased to 30 GW in 2005, 100 GW in 2008, and 150 GW in 2010. In the 12th five-year plan (2011–2015), it was finally determined that the installed capacity should be 70 GW by the time it was completed.
In the past, the production of Chinese companies was primarily concerned with meeting the demand in the Chinese home market and, due to the high development costs, more emphasis was placed on low costs than on quality. There is now a trend towards higher quality products and although local wind turbines do not meet international standards, domestic certification agencies have been established. If the quality continues to increase, it can be assumed that there will be further international market development.
Policy measures before 2003
The first wind farms in China were opened in 1986. At the time, government support focused on developing wind turbines and investing in small wind farm projects. From 1994 to 2003 the Ministry of Electric Energy supported a program for the industrialization of wind energy. During this time, the ministry gave the order that the grid operator should facilitate the grid connection and the feeding in of electricity from wind farms. The guidelines stipulated that the network tariff was calculated on the basis of electricity production costs, loan payments and a reasonable profit. The difference between the wind power price and the average power price would be distributed over the entire network, with the network operator being responsible for purchasing the electricity. The state planning commission later prescribed a revision of the average electricity price for wind power by applying the calculation to the operating time of the wind turbines and the credit period of 15 years. In addition, the VAT for wind power projects was reduced by half (8.5%). In 1996, the former state development and planning commission initiated the "Ride the Wind" program, which was intended to encourage the establishment of joint ventures for the development of wind turbines and wind parks and to create incentives for the development of domestic turbines.
Policy measures between 2003 and 2007
In 2003 and 2007, the guidelines focused on increasing efficiency and developing a separate wind turbine industry. In 2003 there was a tendering process that led to increased efficiency. In addition, the NDRC started the Wind Power Concession Program. In this program, investors and project developers passed on offers for project development to the government, whereupon regional network operators bought the electricity from the winning project at the offer price. This program led to a rapid increase in grid-connected wind farms with a capacity of around 3.35 GW.
Subsequently, the Renewable Energy Law of 2005 was adopted as the main tool for the development of renewable energy in China, with the first implementing regulations taking effect in 2007.
In 2007, the rules in the Renewable Energies Act of 2005 also came into force, which obliged network operators to feed in and buy all the electricity generated from renewable energies.
Wind capacity in China
Based on a "detailed national wind energy survey and evaluation" carried out in 2014, the onshore wind capacity in China is ≥ 300 W / m², which means that between 2000 and 3400 GW of wind energy capacity can be installed in China. The offshore wind capacity is ≥ 400 W / m², with Formosastraße in particular, with well over 600 W / m² for offshore wind systems, showing very good wind prospects .
Wind farms in China
In 2008 a project for the construction and planning of wind farms with a capacity of 1 GW was initiated in China , including 6 onshore wind farms in the "three north" regions (north, north-east and north-west China) and one offshore wind farm at the Jiangsu coast .
| Wind farm | Potential yield | Yield according to the current level of performance |
|---|---|---|
| Inner Mongolia | 1305.30 | 381.70 |
| Xinjiang | 249.10 | 64.80 |
| Gansu | 205.20 | 82.20 |
| Hebei | 79.30 | 23.79 |
| Jilin | 1115.40 | 43.60 |
| Jiangsu | 13.90 | 13.90 |
| All in all | 2968.20 | 609.99 |
China's influence on the global wind industry
The wind industry is still a relatively young sector and Germany and Denmark have so far been able to assert themselves as global market leaders. Since 2005, there has been a sharp increase in private investment in this sector in China. The rapid increase in wind energy use in China is largely due to favorable policies. The decisive factor for this was the Chinese Renewable Energy Sources Act 2005, which was supposed to increase the share of renewable energies in the energy mix and to make the domestic renewable energy industry more attractive. In 2009 there was a change in the law that required network operators to purchase a certain proportion of renewable energies and authorized government authorities to apply a system of penalties for non-compliance. The increased demand in the domestic market meant that the share of Chinese companies in the wind industry, which is dominated by European companies, increased. However, the share of Chinese companies in the wind industry can be traced back to a 2003 guideline to increase localization requirements. In 2005, the Chinese domestic market was still 70% dominated by European companies, whereas in 2009 the share of Chinese companies was 85%. Although the own share is so large, the quality and efficiency cannot match that of the European competition. In order to increase the quality of Chinese wind turbines, Chinese companies are looking for cooperation in research and development with European companies.
| Siemens Wind Energy (Germany) | Vestas (Denmark) | Areva Wind (France) | Haizhuang Windpower Equipment (China) | Envision Energy (China) | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51% | 22.7% | 9.4% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% |
| China | United States | India | Great Britain | Italy | Spain | Germany | Brazil | South Africa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20th | 9 | 3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sheng Li / Reuters: China now the world leader in wind power production. In: The Globe and Mail> Energy and Resources. The Globe and Mail Inc., Toronto, February 11, 2016, accessed February 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Wind energy output by country worldwide 2017 | Statistics. Retrieved July 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Wind Power Capacity Worldwide Reaches 597 GW, 50.1 GW added in 2018. In: World Wind Energy Association WWEA> Statistics. WWEA, Bonn, June 4, 2019, accessed on February 8, 2020 .
- ↑ Employees in the wind industry by country worldwide 2017 | Statistics. Retrieved July 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Market shares of the largest onshore wind turbine manufacturers worldwide 2016 | Statistics. Retrieved July 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Offshore wind energy - market share of the most important companies worldwide 2017 | Statistics. Retrieved July 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Peng Ru, Qiang Zhi, Fang Zhang, Xiaotian Zhong, Jianqiang Li: Behind the development of technology: The transition of innovation modes in China's wind turbine manufacturing industry . In: Energy Policy . tape 43 , April 2012, ISSN 0301-4215 , p. 58–69 , doi : 10.1016 / j.enpol.2011.12.025 .
- ↑ a b Li, Junfeng, et al .: China wind power report 2007 . Ed .: China Environmental Science Press. Beijing, China 2007.
- ↑ GLOBAL STATISTICS | GWEC. Retrieved July 3, 2018 (American English).
- ↑ http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/d-2016-154.pdf . 2016, doi : 10.18411 / d-2016-154 .
- ↑ Sufang Zhang, Philip Andrews-Speed, Xiaoli Zhao, Yongxiu He: Interactions between renewable energy policy and renewable energy industrial policy: A critical analysis of China's policy approach to renewable energies . In: Energy Policy . tape 62 , November 2013, ISSN 0301-4215 , p. 342–353 , doi : 10.1016 / j.enpol.2013.07.063 .
- ↑ 十八 大. Retrieved July 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Wang, Hanjie, et al .: Wind Power in China: A cautionary tale. Ed .: International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2016.
- ↑ De Wilde, T., Defraigne, P., & Defraigne, J.-C .: the European Union and the restructuring of global governance . Ed .: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham, UK May 2012.
- ↑ Jan-Christoph Kuntze, Tom Moerenhout: Local Content Requirements and the Renewable Energy Industry - A Good Match? ICTSD, June 3, 2013, doi : 10.7215 / gp_ip_20130603 .
- ↑ a b Li, Junfeng, Pengfei Shi, and Hu Gao .: China wind power outlook. (PDF) Chinese Renewable Energy Industrial Association, 2010, accessed July 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Hou, R .: 国电电力 专题 研讨 风 功率 预测 预报 管理 工作. Retrieved September 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Dupuy, M., Weston, F., & Hove, A.. Retrieved from: Stronger markets, cleaner air. (PDF) The Paulson Institute, 2015, accessed July 3, 2018 .
- ↑ a b 中国 气象 网 - 中国气象局 政府 门户 网站. Retrieved July 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Jianbo Yang, Qunyi Liu, Xin Li, Xiandan Cui: Overview of Wind Power in China: Status and Future . In: Sustainability . tape 9 , no. 8 , August 17, 2017, p. 1454 , doi : 10.3390 / su9081454 ( online [accessed July 3, 2018]).
- ↑ a b c d e f Rasmus Lema, Axel Berger, Hubert Schmitz, Song Hong: Competition and Cooperation between Europe and China in the Wind Power Sector . In: SSRN Electronic Journal . 2011, ISSN 1556-5068 , doi : 10.2139 / ssrn.1978846 .
- ↑ Junfeng Li, li Zhu: Wind power commercialization development in China . In: Renewable Energy . tape 16 , no. 1-4 , January 1999, ISSN 0960-1481 , pp. 817-821 , doi : 10.1016 / s0960-1481 (98) 00262-6 .
- ↑ Jan-Christoph Kuntze, Tom Moerenhout: Local Content Requirements and the Renewable Energy Industry - A Good Match? ICTSD, June 3, 2013, doi : 10.7215 / gp_ip_20130603 .
- ↑ Junfeng Li, li Zhu: Wind power commercialization development in China . In: Renewable Energy . tape 16 , no. 1-4 , January 1999, ISSN 0960-1481 , pp. 817-821 , doi : 10.1016 / s0960-1481 (98) 00262-6 .
- ↑ Offshore wind energy - market share of the most important companies worldwide 2017 | Statistics. Retrieved July 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Robert Dix: The protection of Natura 2000 areas during the construction and operation of offshore wind power plants (= Göttinger writings on public law ). Göttingen University Press, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-86395-191-7 , doi : 10.17875 / gup2015-808 .