Key industry

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Overlord plan with a combined bomber offensive in June 1944 with industrially and strategically important targets in Germany

Key industries (also: nuclear industry ; English key industry ) are industries whose orders , orders and / or deliveries / supplies significantly influence other economic sectors . At the state level , they have the largest share of the output value of an economy .

General

The term key industry is difficult to define. In any case, this refers to industries that are considered to be of particular importance for economic growth because they are used in many sectors. These are areas whose products or services find their way into practically all areas of the economy and also change them. The key industry is a term derived from polarization theory that relates to the dominant business relationships with upstream and downstream production stages . The Hans-Böckler-Foundation defines them as "those industries which, due to their production factors and / or the development of demand, grow faster than other industries in the same time and economic area and which transfer the resulting growth impulses to other sectors via increasing supply, purchase and service interdependencies ". The federal government defined it as "industries that shape a variety of other industries due to intensive intermediate and customer linkages to development." It is not ruled out that a key industry at the same time key technologies can boast.

history

The question of key industries first appeared in the age of industrialization . The basic technologies of the second industrial revolution between 1840 and 1890 were steel production ( Bessemer pear ) and the mobile steam engine , while the railways and steam shipping were key sectors . In the third cycle 1890-1940 to crude oil and electricity spread, the electric motor replaced the steam engine, key industries were the basic chemicals and specialty chemicals , chemical fiber industry , electrical engineering and heavy engineering . During the Second World War , the Allies aimed their bombing in Germany not only on military facilities and the armaments industry, but also primarily on the destruction of key industries. The rolling bearing industry , which is concentrated in Schweinfurt, was a key industry of the first order during World War II, because without rolling bearings, no wheel in tanks, airplanes and machines can turn. Therefore, the city had the best air defense in Germany, so that the USAAF suffered its greatest defeat here.

species

The key industries in Germany today include the automotive industry , construction industry , chemical industry , electrical industry , power generation , mechanical engineering and shipyards . Also, the banking is seen as a key industry. There are industries with a certain size, economies of scale and economies of scope can be realized by a high propensity to invest are in the above-average technologies develop, most in foreign trade are operating through their demand for intermediate goods or intermediates radiate to other sectors, above-average economic growth exhibit or have high earning power . Often, rather young industries such as biotechnology , microelectronics or nanotechnology are referred to as key industries because they are expected to be of great importance for the economy in the future and are important for the state as a knowledge location. From the point of view of security of supply, mining , agriculture and energy suppliers are also identified as key industries.

In terms of size in terms of production value, automobile construction took first place in Germany (2006), followed by mechanical engineering, construction, the chemical industry, the food industry, metal products and energy supply. If the export quota is taken as a basis, the office machinery industry (including data processing equipment) leads, followed by the leather industry, vehicle construction, clothing industry, and radio and communications technology.

economic aspects

The industrial policy of a state is particularly focused on its key industries. Their economic importance is great because they are closely interwoven with the other branches of the economy and / or contribute significantly to a country's exports . "These are sectors that are of particular importance for the respective national economy, contribute above average to economic growth or are particularly important for international competitiveness ". Key industries have a particularly high proportion of economic indicators such as employment , export quota or production value .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Monopolies Commission , More Competition on All Markets , 1992, Item 1048
  2. Juergen B Donges / Andreas Freytag (ed.), The role of the state in the globalized economy , 1998, p. 218
  3. ^ Joseph Huber, Regional Development in the Communication Society , 1993, p. 16
  4. Klaus Löbbe / Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Demarcation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 32
  5. BT-Drs. 15/3408 of June 21, 2004, on the definition of the "key industry" , p. 5
  6. Harald Bathelt, Key Technology Industries , 1991, p. 12
  7. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 20
  8. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 20
  9. Lothar Fritze / Thomas Widera (eds.), Allied bombing war: The example of Dresden , 2005, p. 31
  10. Die Welt.de: The sinking of the US Air Force over Schweinfurt. Retrieved January 24, 2017 .
  11. Verlag Dr. Th. Gabler (Ed.), Gablers Wirtschaftslexikon , Volume 5, 1984, Sp. 1166
  12. Heinrich Haasis , Should sensitive key industries be protected from being taken over by sovereign wealth funds? , in: ZfgK , 2008, 12 ff.
  13. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 33 f.
  14. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 48
  15. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 52
  16. Klaus Löbbe / Hans Böckler Foundation, Key Sectors of the German Economy: Delimitation, Significance and Industrial Policy Options , 2009, p. 30