Yeísmo
The Yeísmo (pronunciation varies from region to region, e.g. [ ʝeˈizmo ], [ ʒeˈizmo ]; Spanish for je-ism ) is a widespread but regionally different pronunciation - specialty in the form of a dephonologization in the Spanish language , in which the phonemes / ʎ / and / ʝ / coincide.
description
In general, the (formerly the Spanish alphabet regarded as a letter) letter combination ll not as [ ʎ ] but - that in the region y - as [ ʝ ] , [ j ] , [ ɟ ] , [ ʒ ] or [ ʃ ] pronounced. If the common pronunciation a sch -sound, is also of a žeísmo (voiced) or seismo (unvoiced) speech. The opposite case, the coincidence of the phonemes / ʎ / and / ʝ / to [ʎ], also exists and is called lleísmo [ ʎeˈizmo ].
- Example:
- In the often occurring yo me llamo (“my name is”), most Spanish speakers do not pronounce the llamo [ ˈʎamo ], but [ ˈʝamo ], [ ˈjamo ], [ ˈɟamo ], [ ˈʒamo ] or [ ˈʃamo ]. According to the in llamo used Phon is yo than [ ʝo ], [ jo ], [ ɟo ], [ ʒo ] or [ ʃo ] (or at lleísmo as [ ʎo express]).
The Yeísmo means that there is no longer any phonetic distinction between minimal pairs such as [él] calló - [él] cayó (German: [he] fell silent - [he] fell).
Occurrence
The origin of Yeísmo is considered to be early modern Andalusia , where the two palatals coincided in favor of a non-lateral variant. Various linguists who were looking for the oldest traces of a yeísmo date the beginning of the phenomenon to the 16th to 17th centuries.
Today the yeísmo occurs in most of Andalusia, exceptions can be found in the southwest of the region. In contrast to other pronunciation peculiarities of Andalusian Spanish (such as Seseo ), the Yeísmo was able to gain a foothold in other regions of Spain over time, especially in the working classes of the cities. The phenomenon reached Castile around 1930. Today, the yeísmo is considered the urban norm.
The various forms of Yeísmo occur in most of the Spanish-speaking countries. Exceptions are, for example, the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, parts of Paraguay and northern Spain. The yeísmo occurs more and more among younger speakers; in addition, it has spread over the centuries across the entire Spanish-speaking world, both geographically and socially. The Yeísmo is typical of informal speech, while the distinction between the phonemes is still considered to be an upscale pronunciation. The language academies have meanwhile accepted the Yeísmo.
The existence of the lleísmo is described as hypercorrection , as a counter reaction to the appearance of the yeísmo .
Rehilamiento
One characteristic of the Río de la Plata Spanish is the pronunciation of y and ll as postalveolar fricatives ( [ ʒ ] or [ ʃ ] ). This phenomenon is called rehilamiento , "buzzing". There is evidence that the phenomenon appeared in Buenos Aires in the late 18th or early 19th century.
At the time, voiced pronunciation as [ʒ] was the norm, but in the 20th century a change in sound to voiceless [ʃ] began. Studies by various linguists show that this process is carried out and continues in particular by young speakers and women. Meanwhile, the voiceless variant in Argentina has a prestige character.
literature
- Jutta Blaser: Phonetics and Phonology of Spanish: A Synchronic Introduction . Walter de Gruyter, 2011. ISBN 3110252554
- Marianela Fernández Trinidad: Variaciones fonéticas del yeísmo: un estudio acústico en mujeres rioplatenses . Estudios de fonética experimental, Volume 19, 2010, pp. 263-292. ISSN 1575-5533
- María Beatriz Fontanella de Weinberg: El rehimaliento bonaerense a fines del siglo XVIII . Thesaurus: Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Volume 28, 1973, pp. 338-343. ISSN 0040-604X
- Paul M. Lloyd: Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Spanish Language . American Philosophical Society, 1989. ISBN 0871691736
- Ralph Penny: Variation and Change in Spanish . Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0521604508