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Coordinates: 25°25′59″N 102°10′59″W / 25.433°N 102.183°W / 25.433; -102.183
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:'''''Parras''' redirects here. For the town in Aragón, Spain, see [[Las Parras de Castellote]]''
'''Gurage''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] in [[Ethiopia]]. The Gurage people inhabit a semi-fertile, semi-mountainous region in southwest [[Ethiopia]], about 150&nbsp;miles southwest of [[Addis Ababa]]. Their homeland extends to the [[Awash River]] in the north, the [[Gibe River]] (a tributary of the [[Omo River|Omo]]) to the southwest, and to [[Lake Zway]] in the east. The Gurage ethnic group has usually been said to consist of three distinct subgroups, Northern, Eastern and Western, but the largest grouping within the Eastern subgroup, known as the [[Silt'e]], have not necessarily considered themselves to be Gurage, and in a referendum in 2000 they voted unanimously to break away from the [[Gurage Zone]] within the [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region]], forming their own [[autonomous region]].<ref>Vaughan, Sarah. ''Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia'' (Chapter 7). PhD Dissertation. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh, 2003. [http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/605/2/vaughanphd.pdf]</ref><!--this doesn't make sense; if they formed their own zone and it's not called "Gurage Zone," then what is it called and why don't we have information about it?-->
{{inline}}
<!-- I'm the one who added this. I believe it's called Silte Zone; I know I've seen it on a recent map, but I don't have time to look now. Anyway see Vaughan's dissertation; she's the expert. It used to be online, but I can't find it now. ~~~~ -->
'''Parras de la Fuente''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Grapevines of the Fountain'') is a city located in the southern part of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Political divisions of Mexico|state]] of [[Coahuila]]. At the census of 2005, the population was 44,715. There are a large number of factories that produce denim, including a [[Dickies]] factory, and Parras is also a [[wine]]-making place. The city serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding [[Parras]] [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]], which has an area of 9,271.7 km² (3,579.8 sq mi).


==Description==
==History==
The former Hacienda del Rosario is the place were Parras de la Fuente was founded in 1598. There, the [[Mexican Revolution|revolutionary]] and [[President of Mexico]] [[Francisco I. Madero]] was born in 1873.
According to the historian Paul B. Henze, their origins are explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axumite Kingdom]] which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.</ref>


In 1846, during the [[Mexican-American War]], Parras was held by [[United States|U.S.]] troops. Also, [[France|French]] forces were defeated there in 1866 during the [[French intervention in Mexico]].
The Gurage languages do not constitute a coherent linguistic grouping, rather, the term is both linguistic and cultural. The Gurage people speak a number of separate languages, all belonging to the Southern branch of the [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiopian Semitic]] language family (which also includes [[Amharic language|Amharic]]). The languages are often referred to collectively as "Guraginya" by other Ethiopians (''-inya'' is the Amharic suffix for most Ethiopian [[Semitic language]]s).


==Tourists centers==
Gurage, also known as Guragie or ጉራጌ is written with the Ethiopic alphabet. The Guragie subset of Ethiopic has 44 independent glyphs.
Parras is called "The oasis" of the semidesert of Coahuila. One of the historic attractions of Parras is the Municipality Presidence, which is a replica of the State's Government Palace in [[Saltillo, Coahuila|Saltillo]].


One of the main touristic attractions is the Hostal el Farol, the former house of General Raul Madero, and now a beautiful place to stay and eat.
There is no general agreement on how many languages or dialects there are, in particular within the West Gurage grouping.


The oldest winery in the [[Americas]] is in Parras de la Fuente and was founded by Lorenzo García in the 16th century.
The following are listed as separate languages by [[Ethnologue]]:
[[Soddo language|Soddo]] (Kistane), [[Inor language|Inor]], [[Mesqan language|Mesqan]], [[Mesmes language|Mesmes]], [[Silt'e language|Silt'e]] (not strictly speaking a Gurage language since the people do not consider themselves Gurage), [[Zay language|Zay]], and [[Sebat Bet Gurage language|Sebat Bet Gurage]]. Sebat Bet (or Sebat Beit), in particular, is best understood as a grouping in itself; the term means literally "Seven Houses," and refers to seven specific Western Gurage groups and [[variety (linguistics)|lects]]. Silt'e is more closely related to [[Amharic language|Amharic]] than it is to Soddo.


For rest and recreation, Parras has bathing resorts; these bathing places were used to generate electric power for industry usage.
As the Gurage people are surrounded by speakers of [[Cushitic]] languages, these languages have influenced the Gurage languages perhaps even more than they have other Ethiopian Semitic languages. For example, the [[East Gurage]] languages have a ten-vowel system characteristic of the neighboring Cushitic languages rather than the seven-vowel system common to most other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]], including the West Gurage languages.


Among its man-made attractions are ''Santo Madero'' Church, which is located on an extinct volcano plug just north of the town, and ''[[Ignatius of Loyola|San Ignacio de Loyola]]'' Church, which was built in the 17th century.
Over 50&nbsp;% of the Gurage claim allegiance to [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]], an [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] church related to [[Coptic Christianity]], and another 40&nbsp;% are adherents of [[Islam]].


Parras was named a "[[Pueblo Mágico]]" in 2004.
According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 4.3&nbsp;% of Ethiopia's population, or about 3 million people.<ref>[http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities] (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref>


==Sister City==
The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of [[crop rotation]] and transplanting. [[Ensete]] is their main [[staple food|staple crop]], but other [[cash crop]]s are grown, which include [[coffee]] and ''[[Khat|chat]]''. [[Animal husbandry]] is practiced, but mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, and roasted grains, with meat consumption being very limited (also used in rituals or ceremonies).
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Grapevine, Texas|Grapevine]], [[Texas]], [[United States|USA]]


==Academic Programs==
The Gurage, the writer [[Nega Mezlekia]] notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders".<ref>Nega Mezlekia, ''Notes from the Hyena's Belly'' (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 227.</ref> One example of an enterprising Gurage is one Tekke, whom Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian [[Horatio Alger]]":
* [[Appropedia:Parras|Parras Summer Program]] in Spanish language and culture and appropriate technology. Program of [[Humboldt State University]] in [[Arcata, California|Arcata]], [[California]].
: he began his career selling old bottles and tin cans; the Emperor [Haile Selassie] recently rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him.<ref>Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", ''National Geographic'', 127 (1965), p. 582.</ref>

==Ensete==
The [[ensete]] or “false banana plant” has a massive stem that grows underground and is completely involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. (For example: uses of Ensete would be wrapping a corpse after death with it, or after birth, the umbilical cord being tied off with an ensete fiber.) Historically, westerners have nicknamed the Gurage "The People of the Ensete", since they are the only people in the world to cultivate ensete as a crop.
Strangely enough, the nutritional value this plant contains as their primary food source is not considered to be of much importance. The plant can be prepared a number of different ways, and the practical uses of ensete in Gurage culture are varied. In addition to this plant, a few cash crops are maintained and livestock is raised (though mainly for milk and fertilizer). A normal Gurage diet consists primarily of kocho, a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter, and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten sparingly during a ritual or ceremonial event.

==Quotation==
:Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the [[Ensete Culture Complex]] area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which is nutritional.<ref>Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in ''Food and Culture: A Reader''. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p 117.</ref>

==Notable Gurage==
* Yeshimebet Ali,(mother of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia )
* Dejazmach gebremariam Gari–Country Administrator
* Dejazmach Kifle Ergettu – Minister of Interior
* Lut.General Weldeselassie Berka –Comandor of special forces in the army/ armed forces
* General Welde Yohanes Shita – Second administreter of the Body Guard, Ambasador
* General Teshome Ergetu – Comandor of the Armed Forces, Chief of the Eritrean Police
* Ato Alfred Shafi–Director of Public administration,Vice minister of Interior minister
* Keng Azmach feleke Ergetu –(Has been in charge of Hizb Dehninet , Administrater, Minister
* Lt.General Weldeselassie Bereka –Comander of spezial forces in the armed forces Comander
* Maj. General Yilma Shibeshi – Commander of the police force
* Fitawrari Habtemariam weldekidan – Director under the ministry of Health,Admin of Gojjam
* Ato Weldegebriel Ambaw – A judge in the Supreme Court
* General Kifle Weldesenbet – Department Chief in the Ministry of Defence,In charge of Eduction
* General Gizaw Gebremikael – In charge of wealth and finance of the defence forces
* Ato Seifu Dibaba –Administreter of Gojjam ,Vice minister in the ministry of communication
* Fitawrari Roga Ashame – Governer of the Lakes and Butagira
* General Assefa Hailemariam - administreter of Ethiopian Police College at sendafa
* Maj. General Taye Balakir Sosum – Comander of Eritrean police force
* GeneralTesfaye HabteMariam-Ethiopian Airborne Cheif and received the highest medal for bravery in Ethiopia's near century old army's history
* Ato Haile Gebre Meskel – Yshewa administration wanna tekotatari
* Azasz Hailu habte – Palace (Gibbi) Administreter
* Ato Abebe ketema – Minister of health
* Balcha Aba Nefso
* Fit Awrari Habte Giorgis
* [[Mahmoud Ahmed]]
* Dr. Kasu Ilala
* Yemeru Nega - Dembel City Center
* Berhane Mariam Sahle Sellassie - Author of Afersata and Shinega's Village.
* Deguma Hunde - DH Geda
* Tewodros Kassahun ( Teddy Afro )
* Samuel Teferra - Sunshine Construction
* Wende - New York Cafe
* Ato.Tadesse Gebre-Kidan -Former Governorof the NationalBank of Ethiopia, Minister of Foreign Trade& Ambasador
* Dr.BERHANE Gebre-kidan (CIMMYT East African Regional Maize Program )
* Dr.Berhanu Nega ,PhD in economics ( elected mayor of Addis Ababa )
* DR.Yacob Haile-Mariam,former NSU professor,Special Envoy of the UN prosecutorICT for Rwanda

==See also==
* [[Soddo language]]
* [[Sebat Bet Gurage language]]

== Notes ==
<references/>


==References==
==References==
*[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from the Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
*Shack, William. "Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in ''Food and Culture: A Reader'' (pp.&nbsp;125–137). Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. New York: Routledge, 1997.
*[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_coahuila Coahuila] ''Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México''


{{coord|25.433|N|102.183|W|display=title|source:dewiki}}
==External links==
* [http://camba.ucsd.edu/gurage/ Gurage Research] [[blog]]
* [http://ling.ucsd.edu/~rose/GSRG/gurage_background.htm Gurage and Silte Research Group]
* [http://www.carolynford.org/gurage/index.shtml The Gurage People – Carolyn Ford with SIM in Ethiopia]
* [http://www.cdslideshow.com/guragefacts.html Facts about Gurage]
* [http://www.geohive.com/cd/link.php?xml=et&xsl=neo1 GeoHive]


[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1598]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Coahuila]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Coahuila]]


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[[eo:Guragoj]]
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Revision as of 22:05, 13 October 2008

Parras redirects here. For the town in Aragón, Spain, see Las Parras de Castellote

Parras de la Fuente (Spanish: Grapevines of the Fountain) is a city located in the southern part of the Mexican state of Coahuila. At the census of 2005, the population was 44,715. There are a large number of factories that produce denim, including a Dickies factory, and Parras is also a wine-making place. The city serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding Parras municipality, which has an area of 9,271.7 km² (3,579.8 sq mi).

History

The former Hacienda del Rosario is the place were Parras de la Fuente was founded in 1598. There, the revolutionary and President of Mexico Francisco I. Madero was born in 1873.

In 1846, during the Mexican-American War, Parras was held by U.S. troops. Also, French forces were defeated there in 1866 during the French intervention in Mexico.

Tourists centers

Parras is called "The oasis" of the semidesert of Coahuila. One of the historic attractions of Parras is the Municipality Presidence, which is a replica of the State's Government Palace in Saltillo.

One of the main touristic attractions is the Hostal el Farol, the former house of General Raul Madero, and now a beautiful place to stay and eat.

The oldest winery in the Americas is in Parras de la Fuente and was founded by Lorenzo García in the 16th century.

For rest and recreation, Parras has bathing resorts; these bathing places were used to generate electric power for industry usage.

Among its man-made attractions are Santo Madero Church, which is located on an extinct volcano plug just north of the town, and San Ignacio de Loyola Church, which was built in the 17th century.

Parras was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2004.

Sister City

Academic Programs

References

25°25′59″N 102°10′59″W / 25.433°N 102.183°W / 25.433; -102.183

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