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{{Infobox Russian federal subject
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|LangList=[[Russian language|Russian]]
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|HeadTitle=[[Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast|Governor]]
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|HeadName=[[Eduard Rossel]]
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|PrimeTitle=Chairman of the Government
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|Website=http://www.midural.ru/
{| class="messagebox"
|-
|See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)]] for the [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|style guide]] on the English Wikipedia regarding the use of IPA symbols.
|}
{{onlinesource|year=2004|section=September
|title=What IPA stands for.
|org=The Star (Malaysia)
|date=September 8, 2004
|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2004/9/8/features/8805770&sec=features
|small=yes}}
{{FAOL|Romanian|ro:Alfabetul Fonetic Internaţional|small=yes}}
{{archivebox|
# [[/Archive 1|2003 and earlier]]
# [[/Archive 2|Jan 2004–Dec 2005]]
# [[/Archive 3|Jan 2005-July 2006]]
# [[/Archive 4|July-Oct 2006]]
# [[/Archive 5|Oct-Dec 2006]]
# [[/Archive 6|January–March 2007]]
# [[/Archive 7|April–July 2007]]
# [[/Archive 8|August 2007–March 2008]]
}}
}}


'''Sverdlovsk Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Свердло́вская о́бласть}}, ''Sverdlovskaya oblast'') is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (an [[oblast]]) located in the [[Urals Federal District]]. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]] (only its south-western extremity is on the European side of the mountains) it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.
== Is there a member of the International Phonetic Association here? ==

This section is a "wish list" for the IPA. Indirectly, the discussions are a critique concerning the limitations of the IPA. If there is a member of the International Phonetic Association here, please consider proposing the suggestions below to become official updates to the IPA. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 03:48, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

=== Add the symbol [ẏ] (y with dot above) as an alternative form for the symbol [j] ===
I feel it is too alien for American English-speakers, when the IPA uses the symbol [j] to represent the sound "y". The strangeness of this symbol [j] may even be a reason why the IPA hasnt really caught on in America, despite a strong need for it. Too many times, I needed to transcribe the pronunciation of an ancient word but found myself refusing to use the IPA because the frequent symbol [j] would confuse, distract, or intimidate the general reader. As a solution, I suggest the IP Association adds the symbol [ẏ] (y with dot above) as an alternate symbol for [j]. Visually, the dot above and descender below helps remind the reader to equate them, for example when switching back-and-forth between American and German linguists. Note, the IPA already uses two alternate symbols for the sound [g]/[<span style="font-family: times; font-size: larger">g</span>]; the sound [j]/[ẏ] can do similarly. For example, the word "yellow" could be transcribed as either [jɛloʊ] or [ẏɛloʊ] --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 03:48, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:(I'm not a member of the IPA, but have some slight knowledge of its history.) Actually, a few decades ago the IPA purged the alphabet of all alternate symbols, except for the ones you can create yourself using diacritics. (The one IPA letter for the voiced velar plosive is {{IPA|<ɡ>}}; they merely acknowledge that not everyone is going to bother with it.) There is no way they are now going to start introducing new alternates, especially if the only reason is that you don't like it. One reason for keeping <j> is that there is iconic similarity between <j> and <nowiki><i></nowiki>. {{Unicode|ẏ}} would ruin that. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:05, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::For myself, I dont have a problem with symbol [j]. (My brother's name is Jarl!) However, too often, I feel I cant use the IPA because of the [j], which is too problematic for American lay readers. If it was just me who didnt like it, I wouldnt mind. However I feel millions of people defacto refuse to use the IPA because of it. The IPA has ambitions to be the foremost international standard, and toward this goal, it would help if Americans used it too. Allowing an alternate symbol for [j] would be a wise strategy. Decades from now, future users can always reduce it back to one symbol, AFTER most of the world becomes familiar with the IPA. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 06:59, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Kwami: "There is iconic similarity between [j] and [i]". Regarding archeology, I love how the form j retains vestiges of i from which it evolved. Regarding phonetics, it's totally irrelevant. Regarding Americans, for them, the form i has nothing to do with the sound [dʒ], and the use of j just creates confusion. Even for the general American reader who is aware that [j] means "y", it is highly distracting. It's impossible to implement it on-the-fly. Texts that need to discuss pronunciation are ALREADY complex and technical. Substituting the letter [j] for "y" adds too much confusion, because the reader doesnt just need to learn what some new symbol means, but has to keep on "unlearning" what "j" normally means. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 06:59, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::I agree it's a problem. Just teach the IPA with <y> for <j>. People do this kind of thing all the time, with extra letters for affricates, etc., especially with Amerindian languages. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 08:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:The purpose of the IPA is to provide a common, unified system of graphic symbols so that people all over the world can communicate with each other about phonetics, the same reason chemists worldwide use H for hydrogen regardless of whether the word in their language for "hydrogen" starts with an "h" (to wit, Italian or German) or whether even their written language involves an alphabet. A system that has alternate symbols so that speakers of each language can pick and choose the one he is most comfortable with defeats the purpose of the IPA.

:If you want to use IPA in a work geared toward English-speaking laymen, then give them a guide. You have to give them a guide regardless of the system you use if you care about distinguishing between [u] and [ʊ] and [ʌ], for example, and expect them to know what you mean. &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 09:13, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Regarding the lay reader, its easy to learn [u], [ʊ], and [ɐ]. It isnt easy to "unlearn" "j" every time theres a [j]. One can intuitively guess [yɛloʊ] means "yellow" without too much concentration. But [jɛloʊ] continues to throw the reader off every time. The [j] symbol requires the writer to spend too much energy to make sure the IPA is clear, when the energy should focus on the point that the writer is trying to make. The extra worry adds confusion to a discussion that is already technical. Besides, IIRC, the IPA isnt just for linguists, but is intended to become a normal alphabet for everyone in the world. So, the IPA gains if it as friendly as possible for lay readers. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 09:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::I disagree with your feeling that [j] = "y" is hard to learn. Have you conducted a study showing this to be terribly difficult for people, or is this a presupposition? English speakers cope just fine with "ja", Jarlsberg cheese, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Besides, if you're writing material where use of IPA would be germane, then you aren't exactly dealing with the lowest common denominator of human intellect.

:::Meanwhile, I disagree entirely that [yɛloʊ] is at all intuitive, and I disagree even more strongly when you're using similar symbols to represent words that the reader doesn't already know (which is usually the reason why you'd be providing a phonetic representation to non-technical people). How does the reader know intuitively what [ɛ] means or how it differs from [e], and in particular how would a non-technical reader, who has no idea that phonetically our "long o" is a diphthong, know what the [ʊ] means or what it's there for? If you're using IPA for phonetic representation, then if you aren't assuming a level of intelligence sufficient to deal with [j] representing our "y" sound, then you shouldn't be assuming a level of intelligence sufficient to deal with IPA at all.

:::And certainly, if English speakers were going to use [y], or some variant thereof, for "y", then naturally they'd have the same expectation of being able to use [j], or some variant thereof, instead of [dʒ], for the sound that we write as "j"&#8212;and never mind that speakers of other languages are using [j] for [j] and may be using the same variant of [j] for something else. And then Germans will similarly want to use [w] or some variant thereof to represent [v], which they spell "w", and likewise for speakers of languages where [ʃ] is spelled "x" or "ch", where [ʒ] is spelled "j" or "ll" or "y", and so on. &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 12:14, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::By the way, where did you get the impression that "IPA ... is intended to become a normal alphabet for everyone in the world"? If that were ''true'' then your proposal would defeat the purpose outright! You'd be proposing that instead of using one IPA, speakers of each language use symbols that are "intuitive" to them based on their ''old'' writing system&#8212;and then we wouldn't all be using the same alphabet anyway, and nothing would have been accomplished. &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 11:58, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::::Actually, it's been my experience that <j> is a major hangup for Usonians learning the IPA. It's much harder to unlearn something than to learn something new. German <j> isn't such a problem, because you're learning a foreign language, and it's all new. But with the IPA, students generally practice transcribing English, and that really screws them up. But if you say, 'this is where everyone screws up, so you know it's going to be on the test', and giving examples from German, Polish, etc., then they get it all right. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 13:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:Just because you're American, speak English, a language which was influenced by a ruined language (French) that had a consonant change where [j] turned into [d͡ʒ], you say we should start changing letters until all letters match the English alphabet? You do realize that j is to i as u is to v, namely, they're very new letters and were until relatively recent times pronounced identically? There's a reason why j is just an i with a hook, the letter "j" never represented [d͡ʒ]. In languages that haven't gone through an extraordinary amount of change or that have revised orthographies, j still represents the semi-vowel version of [i]. --<b><font color="#FF4F00">[[User:Nlitement|nlitement]]</font> <sup><font color="#000000">[[User_talk:Nlitement|[talk]]]</font></sup></b> 14:16, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

::I have to admit I find this kind of criticism of the IPA absolutely laughable, and preposterously parochial. This kind of wish-list also has nothing to do with improving this article and should probably be removed per WP:talk. [[User:Garik|garik]] ([[User talk:Garik|talk]]) 17:33, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

:::I agree that this is not an appropriate place to be discussing what the IPA should be. As far as I know, talk pages should be used for discussing the article, not (in this case) the IPA in general. &mdash;[[User:Politizer|Politizer]]<sup><small>(&nbsp;'''[[User talk:Politizer|talk]]'''&nbsp;•&nbsp;'''[[Special:Contributions/Politizer|contribs]]'''&nbsp;)</small></sup> 17:38, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

=== Relocate the symbol [a] in the IPA Vowel Chart to the Open Central Semirounded Vowel ===
The symbol [a] is extremely important, but it gets wasted on the cardinal Open Front Unrounded Vowel, which possibly doesnt occur in any language. Informally, many linguists reuse this symbol instead for the Open Central Semirounded Vowel, which occurs in many languages (like [a] in 'spa', 'father', or 'car', depending on dialect). Make this reuse official: relocate the symbol [a] in the IPA Vowel Chart to the Open Central Semirounded Vowel. (If necessary, create a new symbol for the cardinal Open Front Vowel. ;-) It doesnt matter what the new symbol looks like since transcriptions will almost never use it anyway.) --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 03:48, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:The symbol used to be central. It was redefined to be front. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:56, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Well switch it back! It was a mistake. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 07:19, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::The change was made so that the vowels could be given some objective definition, the way the consonants are, rather than the subjective definitions of "sounds like X in language Z". If you move your tongue as far forward as it is possible to pronounce a vowel, and so high that raising it any further will produce turbulence (an approximant), then the vowel is cardinal {{IPA|[i]}}. As far back as possible, with rounding and lip protrusion, and the vowel is cardinal {{IPA|[u]}}. As low as possible, and the vowels are cardinal {{IPA|[a]}} (front) and {{IPA|[ɑ]}} (back: any backer and you'd get a pharyngeal approximant). Few languages have any of these, except maybe {{IPA|[i]}} (and even cardinal [i] is more extreme than the /i/ in many if not most languages). They are theoretical fixed points that can be used to define any vowel: Divide the tongue height into thirds, with adjustments to rounding, for example, and you've got cardinal {{IPA|[e], [ɛ], [ɔ], [o]}}. Then you can divide backness to get the central vowels, and adjust rounding for the others.

::::Sure, but they shouldnt have wasted the [a] symbol on the theoretical cardinal vowel. They should have made up a new symbol for it, and kept the [a] in Central where its actually useful - where linguists actually use it. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 08:06, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::::Then we would have no symbol for the cardinal vowel. The entire IPA is based on the idea of only having letters for sounds which are phonemically distinctive, and low front & center are not distinctive. But this is an issue for ''all'' vowels: Hardly any of them match the cardinal vowels. If we can use <nowiki><u></nowiki> for English /u/, we can use <a> for Spanish /a/. Few of them are ever going to be exact. — [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 07:59, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::::::Theres a decisive difference between Open Front, which is an Unrounded vowel, versus Open Central, which is Semirounded. So, there is a phonemic distinction. Pragmatically both locations are important and warrant separate symbols: the Front is an important theoretical limit while the Central is an extremely common vowel. It would make more sense, to move the common [a] symbol to Open Central, and then move the [æ] symbol to Open Front to serve as the cardinal. Then the Mid-Open location would use the [{{IPA|æ̝}}] with the diacritic mark, but since the cardinal Open never gets used, the Mid-Open can always use this symbol without a diacritic. With this shift in locations, linguists will still continue to use the symbols in transcriptions in the same way they already use them now, except the IPA would officially recognize this reality. (Incidentally, if the [æ] symbol moves to the cardinal corner, the Front vowels would mirror the Back vowels symmetrically.) In sum, the Vowel Chart seems more useful if [a] moves to Central, and [æ] to Open. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 09:18, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::::::I agree with you, and what you're proposing is the way it used to be. But phonemicity has nothing to do with rounding, it has to do with contrast within a language. Also, IPA vowels are either rounded or unrounded. And where do you get the idea that [ä] must be semi-rounded? [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]])

::::::::But the vowel in [hæt] is phonemically distinct from the one in [car]. The only difference in the Vowel Chart would be, the [æ] would represent the cardinal, instead of the [a]. In the exact same way, the [ɒ] represents the cardinal for the Back vowels. Regarding [ä], Iv seen studies describe it as Semirounded. Its similar to Semirounded [ɐ] but more Open. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 10:02, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::::::::I don't know where you get that [ɐ] is semirounded either. Low vowels are generally not rounded.
:::::::::If you want <æ> for [a], fine. Then we discard <a>, because there isn't a three-way distinction here. Anyway, this discussion would be fine for a user page, but it is useless here, where we're supposed to be discussing the article. —[[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 10:59, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::::::::::"Then we discard <a>". Why? The above reasoning doesnt make sense to me. I dare say, as the chart is now, theres no such thing as a phonemic distinction between open front [a] and near-open front [æ] in any language. As is, one of these symbols is discardable, since either symbol is proximal enough to stand for either sound. But elsewhere, there *is* a phonemic distinction between the open central [ä], like "car" [cär], and the near-open central [ɐ], like "cup" [cɐp]. Now, an updated Vowel Chart could move the [æ] symbol to the unused cardinal open front vowel, thus be able to move the important [a] symbol from there to the important open central vowel. There would remain phonemic distinctions between all of these: "cap" [cæp], "cup" [cɐp], and "car" [car]. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 01:15, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::::''either symbol (<æ> and <a>) is proximal enough to stand for either sound''. Yeah, the only time I've seen <æ> and <a> used to distinguish vowels is when <a> is used to express the low central vowel or the low back vowel. While it's true that the low central vowel is not a cardinal vowel, it's still ironic that the most common vowel in the world's languages has no IPA symbol! I do remember one proposal for using [a] with the advanced or fronting diacritic for the low front vowel, but I think the ash symbol works fine, leaving <a> for the central one (even though, confusingly, that's used for the low back vowel sometimes). We're frequently forced to do that anyway. It's true we're not in the business of changing IPA here, but linguists do contend with some of the issues you raise. — [[User:Zerida|Zerida]] [[User talk:Zerida|<font color="RoyalBlue"><span class="Unicode">☥</span></font>]] 05:09, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Aren't there parts of New England (Maine? Hahvahd Yahd?) where "hard" = [ha:d] and "had" = [hæ:d]? &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 03:37, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
:[[Boston accent]] (not certain)? — [[User:Zerida|Zerida]] [[User talk:Zerida|<font color="RoyalBlue"><span class="Unicode">☥</span></font>]] 04:10, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
::I don't think ''had'' has a long vowel in those accents, at least, not as long a vowel as ''hard'' has. —[[User:Angr|'''An''']][[User talk:Angr|''gr'']] 04:31, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
:::Supposing that to be true: I'm not sure that matters because I don't think that length is phonemic. I believe that whether you uttered [had] or [ha:d] they'd understand you to be saying "hard", not "had", because it's the openness that's distinctive, not the length. Likewise, I believe they'd hear both [hæd] and [hæ:d] as "had". &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 11:36, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
::::Yeah, while not a professional phonetician, I can say living in Boston that <æ> is not a characteristically long vowel in the accent here. It might be elongated in environments such as "ladder" (as it is in many varieties of English), but in "bad" and "had" it's short--no longer than the vowel in "bud" or "bed". --[[User:Atemperman|Atemperman]] ([[User talk:Atemperman|talk]]) 16:55, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
:::::So, "ladder" [ˈlæ:ɾə] vs "larder" [ˈla:ɾə]? &#8212;[[User:Largoplazo|Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 21:39, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

=== Remove the symbol [{{IPA|ɧ}}] ===

This is the place for suggesting improvements to Wikipedia's article on the IPA, not improvements to the IPA itself. (That said, my wishlist would include getting rid of the silly symbol "{{IPA|ɧ}}" and adding a symbol for the unrounded equivalent of {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.) —[[User:Angr|'''An''']][[User talk:Angr|''gr'']] <sup>[[User:Angr/If|If you've written a quality article...]]</sup> 04:26, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:What language(s) have the unrounded vowel? — [[User:Zerida|Zerida]] [[User talk:Zerida|<font color="RoyalBlue"><span class="Unicode">☥</span></font>]] 05:47, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Before that, we need a way to transcribe Swedish and Japanese vowels. Since we only have the silly {{IPA|ɧ}} symbol because of Swedes on the IPA board, I find it amazing that there's no unambiguous way to do that. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:09, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::I don't know if I remember this correctly, but I used to hear a phonetician complain tongue-in-cheek that the IPA board was "controlled by French" (or was it British?) — [[User:Zerida|Zerida]] [[User talk:Zerida|<font color="RoyalBlue"><span class="Unicode">☥</span></font>]] 06:36, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::::There have been complaints of favoritism towards the languages of the members of the IPA. They even removed the symbols for the voiceless implosives, despite their being phonemic in Nigeria and Guatemala. If they were phonemic in English or French, there's no way that would ever have happened. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:54, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

=== Make a symbol for the Unrounded Near-Close Near-Back Vowel ===

Per Angr, make a symbol for the Unrounded Near-Close Near-Back Vowel, that is, the unrounded equivalent of [{{IPA|ʊ}}]. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 06:41, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:The IPA only adds symbols when they can be shown to be phonemically distinct in some (important) language. For minor phonetic distinctions, use diacritics, in this case {{IPA|<ɯ̽>}} or {{IPA|<ʊ̜>}}. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:52, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:Haldrik, this is pointless. You might as well write on the Pluto article that you want Pluto reinstated as a planet, or on the Northern Cyprus or Abxazia articles that you want them recognized as independent countries. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:58, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Wikipedia benefits from the minds of millions of people, who are often experts in the subject. These discussions are valuable. Its good to have it in Talk. Again, in this case, the "wish list" is instructive because it clarifies what the IPA can do. --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 07:23, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::Per Zerida, how many languages use the unrounded [ʊ]? --[[User:Haldrik|Haldrik]] ([[User talk:Haldrik|talk]]) 07:32, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

:::In English [ʊ] is often not very rounded. Portuguese is supposed to have it. I don't know where else, since it isn't phonemic. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 07:42, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
::::If it comes to that, how many languages have {{IPA|[ɶ]}} that's phonemically distinct from [œ]? Probably none, but they have the symbol anyway. Another addition on my wishlist is {{IPA|[<s>ɪ</s>]}}, a symbol widely used but not official IPA, which is a phoneme in northern dialects of Welsh. —[[User:Angr|'''An''']][[User talk:Angr|''gr'']] <sup>[[User:Angr/If|If you've written a quality article...]]</sup> 16:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
:::::To clarify, my question wasn't rhetorical. I wanted to know what language or languages might have that vowel sound. I was still under the impression that {{IPA|[ɶ]}} was not attested in any language. Only now did I find out after reading its article that it does exist in some dialects. — [[User:Zerida|Zerida]] [[User talk:Zerida|<font color="RoyalBlue"><span class="Unicode">☥</span></font>]] 17:56, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
::::::English uses the sound often, especially American English (in fact, I find rounded ones rarer than unrounded ones) but they're not technically "distinguished" in the language. If you were to switch the rounded/unroundedness of the vowel on a particular word no one would notice, and there are no words where a version of it with the rounding reversed will mean something different. So that's why the IPA doesn't include an official symbol for it. [[User:LokiClock|LokiClock]] ([[User talk:LokiClock|talk]]) 18:54, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

:::::::My wish list is a diacritic for the Swedish and Japanese compressed vowels, which cannot currently be transcribed in IPA. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 20:18, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

=== Alveolar trill ===

Shouldn't it have a voiced/voiceless distinction? One of the best-known examples of this sound is in Spanish (the double r in words like "perro"), where it is voiced. But from what I understand of Welsh phonology, the Welsh "rh" makes the same sound, but without voicing. [[User:A. Parrot|A. Parrot]] ([[User talk:A. Parrot|talk]]) 18:39, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
:Classical Greek had a similar sound. You transcribe it using the voiceless diacritic. I know what you're getting at: it seems arbitrary that there should be (e.g.) symbols for both /t/ and /d/, but none for a voiceless /r/. [[User:Garik|garik]] ([[User talk:Garik|talk]]) 19:00, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

=== Wish lists ===
Am I the only person who thinks that Wikipedia talk pages are not the place for this kind of wish list? [[User:Garik|garik]] ([[User talk:Garik|talk]]) 19:03, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

== Note links don't work ==

They will return you to the text once you get to them, but won't take you to the note in the first place. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 17:51, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

== No need for IPA templates in tables ==


Its administrative center is the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of [[Yekaterinburg]] (pop.&nbsp;1,293,537), formerly named Sverdlovsk. Other large cities and towns include [[Nizhny Tagil]] (pop. 390,498), [[Kamensk-Uralsky]] (pop. 186,153), [[Pervouralsk]] (pop. 147,116), and [[Serov (town)|Serov]] (pop. 99,804).
Hi, the tables in the article have the "IPA wikitable" classes set, so you don't have to call the IPA template in the tables. --'''[[User:Kjoonlee|Kjoon]]'''[[User talk:Kjoonlee|lee]] 07:04, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
:Hm, if you only have "span.IPA" in your user stylesheets, then the CSS rules will not cascade onto all cell contents. Switching to ".IPA" in your user styles can be a solution. It's just too useful, and the global stylesheets are set up to work that way as well. --'''[[User:Kjoonlee|Kjoon]]'''[[User talk:Kjoonlee|lee]] 21:15, 23 April 2008 (UTC)


Former Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] was born on [[February 1]], [[1931]], in the village of [[Butka]] of Sverdlovsk Oblast.
== Need IPA help, probably in wrong place ==


==Geography==
[[Willamette River|Wəlæm'ət vs. wɪ'læmət]]. The accent should be on the second syllable, sounds like "wuh-''lamm''-it" or "wuh-''lamm''-uht" not "''Will''-uhm-ett" (a quick marker for a tourist). I think this is wrong and I have changed it, but my knowledge of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] is pretty weak. If there's an "IPA help board" somewhere, feel free to move this comment there.[[User:Somedumbyankee|Somedumbyankee]] ([[User talk:Somedumbyankee|talk]]) 01:17, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
Most of the oblast lies on the Eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the [[Western Siberian Plain]]. Only in the southwest does the Sverdlovsk oblast stretch onto the Western slopes of the [[Ural Mmountains]].
:Okay, done. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 03:07, 4 June 2008 (UTC)


The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals (Konzhakovsky Kamen' at 1,569&nbsp;m and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492&nbsp;m). The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300-500&nbsp;m above the sea level. Principal rivers include the [[Tavda River|Tavda]], the [[Tura River|Tura]], the [[Chusovaya River|Chusovaya]], and the [[Ufa River|Ufa]], the latter two being tributaries of the [[Kama River|Kama]].
== "Non-Contextual" Claim ==


Sverdlovsk Oblast borders on, clockwise from the West, Russia's [[Perm Krai]], [[Komi Republic]], [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], [[Tyumen Oblast]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], and [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]s, and the [[Bashkortostan|Republic of Bashkortostan]].
"There are no letters that have context-dependent sound values (as <c> does in English and other European languages)"


===Time zone===
That's not true. That's the idea, yes, but in practice you have variable usage in some cases, such as dipthongs ending in [i] being regularly transcribed with <ɪ>, e.g. <eɪ> for [ei] as in "bay". [[User:LokiClock|LokiClock]] ([[User talk:LokiClock|talk]]) 15:36, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
[[Image:Map of Russia - Yekaterinburg time zone.svg|75px|left]]


Sverdlovsk Oblast is located in the [[Yekaterinburg Time|Yekaterinburg Time Zone]] (YEKT, [[UTC+5]] / YEKST [[UTC+6]]).
:By writing it <eɪ>, the author is claiming that it ''is'' [eɪ] (or /eɪ/), so that isn't context dependent. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 23:29, 23 July 2008 (UTC)


===Natural resources===
::But English vowels are almost universally listed with [ɪ], not [i]. I have never in any dialect heard that dipthong pronounced <eɪ>. Yet it's under the official IPA help page for English. [[User:LokiClock|LokiClock]] ([[User talk:LokiClock|talk]]) 19:01, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
The oblast is rich in natural resources, particularly in metals ([[iron]], [[copper]], [[gold]], [[platinum]]), minerals ([[asbestos]], [[gemstone]]s, [[talcum]]), [[marble]] and [[coal]]. It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.
::Also, the same sound is transcribed both ways, when they'd obviously be transcribed the same way every time if it was non-contextual. The only way you could confuse [ei] with [eɪ] would be if you confused the sound values that correspond to the characters, which can easily be the case, since they're both variants of the letter I. [[User:LokiClock|LokiClock]] ([[User talk:LokiClock|talk]]) 17:33, 8 August 2008 (UTC)


===Climate===
:::It really sounds like /ei/ to me too. But I know Ladefoged worked w my dialect, and when he mapped the diphthongs in vowels space, they didn't quite reach /i/. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 00:39, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
The area enjoys [[continental climate]] patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching 15 to 25 degrees below zero on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the SE of the ''oblast'' do temperatures reach 17 degrees in July.


==Administrative divisions==
== Google Chrome ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Sverdlovsk Oblast}}


==Demographics==
It looks like we have a new problem. The new Google Chrome browser does not display IPA very well. Especially diacritics like superscripts and ties. Any ideas how to find a remedy? &minus;[[User:Woodstone|Woodstone]] ([[User talk:Woodstone|talk]]) 13:07, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
''Population'' (2002):<br>4,486,214 (urban: 3,943,529, rural: 542,685)
:Looks perfectly fine to me—same as in Firefox... [[User:Fvasconcellos|Fvasconcellos]]<small>&nbsp;([[User talk:Fvasconcellos|t]]·[[Special:Contributions/Fvasconcellos|c]])</small> 13:16, 3 September 2008 (UTC)


''Ethnic groups'': There were twenty-one recognised ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including
== IPA in Jaws ==
• 4,002,815 [[Russians]]:(89.22%);
• 168,121 [[Tatars]]:(3.75%);
• 55,478 [[Ukrainians]]:(1.24%);
• 37,296 [[Bashkirs]]:(0.83%);
• 27,863 [[Mari people|Mari]]:(0.62%);
• 22,540 [[Ethnic Germans|Germans]]:(0.50%);
• 18,541 [[Belarusians]]:(0.41%);
• 17,903 [[Udmurts]]:(0.40%);
• 15,171 [[Azeris in Russia|Azeris]]:(0.34%);
• 11,510 [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]:(0.26%);
• 11,093 [[Armenians]]:(0.25%);
• 9,702 [[Mordovians]]:(0.22%);
• 6,810 [[Jews]]:(0.15%);
• 6,125 [[Tajiks]]:(0.14%);
• 4,403 [[Kazakhs]]:(0.10%);
• 4,019 [[roma people|Roma]]:(0.09%);
• 3,836 [[Uzbeks]]:(0.08%);
• 2,930 [[Moldovans]]:(0.07%);
• 2,651 [[Georgians]]:(0.06%);
• 2,435 [[Chinese people|Chinese]]:(0.05%);
• 2,147 [[Poles]]:(0.05%),
and many other ethnic groups of less than two thousand persons each. In addition, 28,957 residents (0.65%) chose not to specify their ethnic background.<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |title=National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation |accessdate=2006-07-20 |format=XLS |publisher=2002 Russian All-Population Census |date=2002}}</ref>


==History==
[[User:Mzajac|Michael]] found a possibly useful link, with advice on reading IPA or other Unicode characters in [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]], by editing an .sbl file :[http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols].[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (User:Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy Mabbett]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett's contributions]] 21:13, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}
Russian conquest of the [[Khanate of Kazan]] in the 1550s paved the way further east which was now free from [[Tatar]] depredations (''see [[Yermak Timofeyevich]]''). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16th&nbsp;— early 17th centuries (Verkhoturye, 1598; Turinsk, 1600; [[Irbit]], 1633; Alapayevsk, 1639). In the 18th and 19th centuries the area became the industrial heartland of Russia due to its rich deposits of iron and coal (see above). Local industry received another impetus during the [[World War II]] when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, [[IMZ-Ural]]). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners and it was over [[Sverdlovsk]] that the American pilot [[Gary Powers]] was shot down on [[May 1]], [[1960]], while on a reconnaissance mission. Another historic event that took place in [[Yekaterinburg]] was the execution of [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and the Imperial family in July 1918.


In 1993, governor [[Eduard Rossel]] responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a "Urals Republic." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" ([[Kurgan Oblast]], [[Orenburg Oblast]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]] and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the [[Oblasts of Russia|oblasts]] deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland [[Republics of Russia|republics]]. The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on [[October 27]], [[1993]]. Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] dissolved the Urals Republic and Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on [[November 9]]).
== Sibilants and fricatives ==


==Politics==
As a fanciful thought, I constructed:
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}
The oblast's current Governor is [[Eduard Rossel]], one of the most prominent regional politicians in Russia.


The oblast's Charter, or Constitution (Russian: Устав; ''Ustav''), adopted on [[December 17]], [[1994]], with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The [[Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast|Governor]] (губернатор; gubernator)is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman/President of the Government (председатель правительства; ''predsedatel pravitelstva''), commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the [[legislature]], a process similar to the appointment of the [[Prime Minister of Russia|federal Prime Minister]]; but the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier. The Legislative Assembly (законодательное собрание; ''zakonodatelnoye sobraniye'') consists of the Oblast Duma (областная дума; ''oblastnaya duma''), the lower house, and the House of Representatives (палата представителей; ''palata predstaviteley''), the upper house. Members of the legislature serve four-year terms; however, half of the Duma is re-elected every two years. The Duma (28&nbsp;members) is elected by party lists; the 21&nbsp;members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Sverdlovsk Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members by both party lists and single-seat districts.
Fricative/sibilant


Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter/Constitutional Court (уставный суд; ''ustavny sud''). The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.
Dental: {{IPA|θ ð/s̪ z̪}}


Until President [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]]'s reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for four-year terms. [[Eduard Rossel]] has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]]), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.
Alveolar: {{IPA|θ̠ ð̠/s z}}


==Economy and transportation==
Postalv.: {{IPA| /ʃ ʒ}}
The oblast's industry is diverse although could be more modern. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here and the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.


[[Yekaterinburg]] is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Urals region. As the economic slump subsides, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include [[Lufthansa]], [[British Airways]], [[Czech Airlines|CSA]], [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Austrian Airlines]] and [[Finnair]]. [[Malév Hungarian Airlines]] used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX ([[IATA airport code]] for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.
Retroflex: {{IPA| /ʂ ʐ}}


==See also:==
Palatal: {{IPA|ç ʝ/ɕ ʑ}}
*[[Yakov Sverdlov]], a communist revolutionary after whom [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] and subsequently Sverdlovsk Oblast were named.


==References==
Velar: {{IPA|x ɣ/ɧ ɧ̬}}
{{Reflist}}
Now tell me why it's wrong. [[Special:Contributions/212.137.63.86|212.137.63.86]] ([[User talk:212.137.63.86|talk]]) 13:39, 17 September 2008 (UTC)


== Little ==
==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.rossel.ru The Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast official web site]
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.midural.ru/midural-new The Government of Sverdlovsk Oblast official web site]


{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
Angr, I am good at this sort of thing, and it's sure not a tap like we have in US English "butter". And for me it's voiced, not voiceless. So I dispute your reversion. -- [[User:Evertype|Evertype]]·[[User_talk:Evertype|✆]] 11:36, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
:I'm good at this sort of thing too, and it's sure not a [d] either. As usual in such cases, what do the published sources say? —[[User:Angr|'''An''']][[User talk:Angr|''gr'']] 11:55, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
::In General American, it's definitely a tap, like Angr put. I'm not disputing how you personally might pronounce it, Evertype, but if you do pronounce it that way then you're probably speaking a slightly different dialect (and there's nothing wrong with that--I don't speak exact General American English either).
::Regarding the voicing...first of all, unless my fonts are displaying funny, the smbol Angr put in ''is'' a voiced tap. And, as far as I know, all taps are voiced, since they go by so quickly there's not really time for a significant pause in the vibration of the vocal cords (I'm not a phonetician, though, so correct me if I'm wrong about that). But anyway, if you're worried about the voiced/voiceless distinction, then yeah, [ɾ] is voiced (you can double-check the chart if you don't trust me). --[[User:Politizer|Politizer]] ([[User talk:Politizer|talk]]) 13:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC)


[[Category:Sverdlovsk Oblast| ]]
::Oh, and I should also mention this, so that Angr doesn't have to.... I may be wrong about this, but I'm pretty sure the guy behind Angr worked on the Telsur Project (at UPenn) with Labov, so he knows his stuff a lot better than I do. --[[User:Politizer|Politizer]] ([[User talk:Politizer|talk]]) 13:47, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
:::No, I didn't. I've used the Telsur Project and the ''Atlas of North American English'' as a source because I own the book, but I was not involved in that research myself. —[[User:Angr|'''An''']][[User talk:Angr|''gr'']] 15:04, 24 September 2008 (UTC)


[[ar:سفيردلوفسك أوبلاست]]
::::Ah, my bad. I've used some of the dialect maps and various distinction/merger maps you have up on Commons, and I was under the impression that you had been part of that project. Anyway, my bad! --[[User:Politizer|Politizer]] ([[User talk:Politizer|talk]]) 15:13, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
[[be:Свярдлоўская вобласць]]
[[bg:Свердловска област]]
[[ca:Província de Sverdlovsk]]
[[cv:Свердловск облаçĕ]]
[[cs:Sverdlovská oblast]]
[[de:Oblast Swerdlowsk]]
[[et:Sverdlovski oblast]]
[[el:Περιφέρεια Σβερντλόβσκ]]
[[myv:Свердловонь ёнкс]]
[[es:Óblast de Sverdlovsk]]
[[fr:Oblast de Sverdlovsk]]
[[ga:Cúige Sverdlovsk]]
[[ko:스베르들롭스크 주]]
[[hr:Sverdlovska oblast]]
[[id:Oblast Sverdlovsk]]
[[it:Oblast' di Sverdlovsk]]
[[he:מחוז סברדלובסק]]
[[lv:Sverdlovskas apgabals]]
[[lt:Sverdlovsko sritis]]
[[ms:Wilayah Sverdlovsk]]
[[nl:Oblast Sverdlovsk]]
[[ja:スヴェルドロフスク州]]
[[no:Sverdlovsk oblast]]
[[nn:Sverdlovsk oblast]]
[[pl:Obwód swierdłowski]]
[[pt:Óblast de Sverdlovsk]]
[[ro:Regiunea Sverdlovsk]]
[[ru:Свердловская область]]
[[sk:Sverdlovská oblasť]]
[[cu:Свердловьска область]]
[[sr:Свердловска област]]
[[sh:Sverdlovska oblast]]
[[fi:Sverdlovskin alue]]
[[sv:Sverdlovsk oblast]]
[[uk:Свердловська область]]
[[zh:斯維爾德洛夫斯克州]]

Revision as of 22:10, 13 October 2008

Sverdlovsk Oblast
CountryRussia
Federal district[1]
Economic region[2]
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[3]
4,325,256
Time zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 Edit this on Wikidata[4])
OKTMO ID65000000
Official languagesRussian[5]

Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердло́вская о́бласть, Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals (only its south-western extremity is on the European side of the mountains) it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.

Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg (pop. 1,293,537), formerly named Sverdlovsk. Other large cities and towns include Nizhny Tagil (pop. 390,498), Kamensk-Uralsky (pop. 186,153), Pervouralsk (pop. 147,116), and Serov (pop. 99,804).

Former Russian president Boris Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931, in the village of Butka of Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Geography

Most of the oblast lies on the Eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain. Only in the southwest does the Sverdlovsk oblast stretch onto the Western slopes of the Ural Mmountains.

The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals (Konzhakovsky Kamen' at 1,569 m and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492 m). The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300-500 m above the sea level. Principal rivers include the Tavda, the Tura, the Chusovaya, and the Ufa, the latter two being tributaries of the Kama.

Sverdlovsk Oblast borders on, clockwise from the West, Russia's Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Time zone

Sverdlovsk Oblast is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT, UTC+5 / YEKST UTC+6).

Natural resources

The oblast is rich in natural resources, particularly in metals (iron, copper, gold, platinum), minerals (asbestos, gemstones, talcum), marble and coal. It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Climate

The area enjoys continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching 15 to 25 degrees below zero on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the SE of the oblast do temperatures reach 17 degrees in July.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Sverdlovsk Oblast

Demographics

Population (2002):
4,486,214 (urban: 3,943,529, rural: 542,685)

Ethnic groups: There were twenty-one recognised ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including • 4,002,815 Russians:(89.22%); • 168,121 Tatars:(3.75%); • 55,478 Ukrainians:(1.24%); • 37,296 Bashkirs:(0.83%); • 27,863 Mari:(0.62%); • 22,540 Germans:(0.50%); • 18,541 Belarusians:(0.41%); • 17,903 Udmurts:(0.40%); • 15,171 Azeris:(0.34%); • 11,510 Chuvash:(0.26%); • 11,093 Armenians:(0.25%); • 9,702 Mordovians:(0.22%); • 6,810 Jews:(0.15%); • 6,125 Tajiks:(0.14%); • 4,403 Kazakhs:(0.10%); • 4,019 Roma:(0.09%); • 3,836 Uzbeks:(0.08%); • 2,930 Moldovans:(0.07%); • 2,651 Georgians:(0.06%); • 2,435 Chinese:(0.05%); • 2,147 Poles:(0.05%), and many other ethnic groups of less than two thousand persons each. In addition, 28,957 residents (0.65%) chose not to specify their ethnic background.[7]

History

Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16th — early 17th centuries (Verkhoturye, 1598; Turinsk, 1600; Irbit, 1633; Alapayevsk, 1639). In the 18th and 19th centuries the area became the industrial heartland of Russia due to its rich deposits of iron and coal (see above). Local industry received another impetus during the World War II when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners and it was over Sverdlovsk that the American pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission. Another historic event that took place in Yekaterinburg was the execution of Nicholas II of Russia and the Imperial family in July 1918.

In 1993, governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a "Urals Republic." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" (Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics. The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).

Politics

The oblast's current Governor is Eduard Rossel, one of the most prominent regional politicians in Russia.

The oblast's Charter, or Constitution (Russian: Устав; Ustav), adopted on December 17, 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor (губернатор; gubernator)is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman/President of the Government (председатель правительства; predsedatel pravitelstva), commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature, a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister; but the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier. The Legislative Assembly (законодательное собрание; zakonodatelnoye sobraniye) consists of the Oblast Duma (областная дума; oblastnaya duma), the lower house, and the House of Representatives (палата представителей; palata predstaviteley), the upper house. Members of the legislature serve four-year terms; however, half of the Duma is re-elected every two years. The Duma (28 members) is elected by party lists; the 21 members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Sverdlovsk Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members by both party lists and single-seat districts.

Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter/Constitutional Court (уставный суд; ustavny sud). The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.

Until President Putin's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for four-year terms. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.

Economy and transportation

The oblast's industry is diverse although could be more modern. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here and the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.

Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Urals region. As the economic slump subsides, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa, British Airways, CSA, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Finnair. Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX (IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.

See also:

References

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  5. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  6. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  7. ^ "National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation" (XLS). 2002 Russian All-Population Census. 2002. Retrieved 2006-07-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Media related to Sverdlovsk Oblast at Wikimedia Commons

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