Three-tier education: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎History: Add fact
No edit summary
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|English schooling structure}}
{{Short description|English schooling structure}}
{{about|the system of schools divided by age|the system of schools divided by exam performance|Tripartite System of education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland}}
{{under construction|date=5 June 2020|placedby=YorkshireLad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
⚫
'''Three-tier education''' refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types. A similar system was [[Grangemouth middle schools|trialled in Scotland]].
[[File:Gosforth East Middle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A modern two-storey school building at the end of a drive|Gosforth East Middle School, a middle school in [[Gosforth]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]]]


⚫
'''Three-tier education''' refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types as they progress through the education system.
{{anchor|First school}}
{{anchor|Middle school}}
{{anchor|Upper school}}
In a three-tier [[local education authority|authorities]] children begin their [[compulsory education]] in a [[first school]]. Sometimes also called a "lower school" (or more simply, [[primary school]]), these schools cater for children aged up to an age between 8 and 10, and cover all of [[Key Stage 1]] and the first years of [[Key Stage 2]]. Children then transfer to a [[List of middle schools in England|Middle school]]. These schools cater for children during a period of 3 to 4 years between the ages of 8 and 14, depending on the local authority. These years cover parts of both [[Key Stage 2]] and [[Key Stage 3]]. Following this, children transfer to a [[high school]], sometimes known as an "[[upper school]]" for the remainder of their compulsory education, and sometimes on into the [[sixth form]].


== <span id="First school"></span><span id="Middle school"></span><span id="Upper school"></span>Terminology ==
⚫
==History==
References to middle schools in publications of the [[UK Government]] date back to 1856, and the educational reports of [[William Henry Hadow]] mention the concept.<ref name=directory>{{cite book|author=National Middle Schools' Forum|title=NMSF Middle Schools Directory|year=1995|chapter=Introduction|last=Tipple|first=Christopher|url=https://middleschools.org.uk/download/history/Introduction-to-Middle-School-Directory-Chris-Tipple-1995.pdf|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> It was not until 1963 that a local authority first proposed to introduce a middle-school system, that being the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], with schools spanning ages 5–9, 9–13 and 13–18;<ref name=cometh>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004270801994806|title='The middle school cometh'…and goeth: Alec Clegg and the rise and fall of the English middle school|journal=Education 3–13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education|volume=36|issue=2|pages=117–125|doi=10.1080/03004270801994806|last=Crook|first=David|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2008}}</ref> one source suggests that the system was "introduced" in that year.<ref name=OxMid>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Education|at="Middle school"|editor-last=Wallace|editor-first=Susan|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=9780191758454|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199679393.001.0001/acref-9780199679393-e-611#|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> [[Local education authorities]] were permitted to introduce middle schools by the [[Education Act 1964]],<ref name=politics>{{cite web|title=Education leaving age|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/education/education-leaving-age-$474737.htm|website=politics.co.uk|accessdate=2 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> subsequently, the notion of three-tier education was mooted by the [[Plowden Report]] of 1967 which proposed the introduction of first schools and [[middle school]]s, which would replace the existing system of [[infant school|infant]] and [[junior school]]s, as well as the first part of [[secondary school]]ing.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Education|at="Plowden Report (1967)"|editor-last=Wallace|editor-first=Susan|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=9780191758454|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199679393.001.0001/acref-9780199679393-e-772?rskey=OJaPcd&result=1|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> The Plowden Report recommended that middle schools span ages 8 to 12.<ref name=cometh/><ref name=directory/>
In a three-tier [[local education authority]] children begin their [[compulsory education]] in a '''first school'''<ref name=Cantab>{{cite web|website=[[Cambridgeshire County Council]]|url=https://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/residents/children-and-families/schools-learning/education-system/primary-education-4-to-11-years|title=Primary education (4 to 11 years)|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> or '''lower school''',<ref name=sw>{{cite magazine|magazine=Schools Week|last=Allen-Kinross|first=Pippa|title=Middle schools defend themselves as councils ditch three-tier model|date=2 May 2018|access-date=6 June 2020|url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/middle-schools-defend-themselves-as-councils-ditch-three-tier-model/}}</ref> which caters for children up to the age of 8 or 9.<ref name=OxMid>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Education|at=Middle school|editor-last=Wallace|editor-first=Susan|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=9780191758454|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199679393.001.0001/acref-9780199679393-e-611#|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Children then transfer to a '''middle school''', which caters for children from age 9 to age 13 or 14.<ref name=OxMid/> Following this, children transfer for the remainder of their compulsory education to an '''upper school'''<ref name=CantabSec>{{cite web|website=Cambridgeshire County Council|url=https://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/residents/children-and-families/schools-learning/education-system/secondary-education-11-to-16-years|title=Secondary education (11 to 16 years)|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> or '''high school''', sometimes on into the [[sixth form]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Document-store/School%20admissions/Admissions-Handbook-SECONDARY-School-2020-21-FINAL.pdf|website=Northumberland County Council|title=Middle, High and Secondary School Admissions Handbook 2020/2021|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>


[[File:School Stuctures.png|thumb|center|upright=2.5|alt=A diagram showing which school types correspond to which year groups, and which follow on from which.|Diagram of paths through the school system in England. The three-tier systems are in blue and mauve.]]
⚫
The first middle school in England was introduced in 1968, in the [[Hemsworth]] division of the West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name=cometh/> The first authority-wide systems of middle schools were introduced in 1970, in [[Stoke-on-Trent]] and [[Southampton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://middleschools.org.uk/the-history-of-middle-school-education-in-england/|website=The National Middle Schools' Forum|title=The History of Middle School Education in England|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Numbers rapidly grew, with over a thousand opening in the decade from the first introduction.<ref name=cometh/> Sources suggest reasons for the introduction of the three-tier system in local authority areas included capacity problems, as a result of both the raising of the school leaving age to 16 from 15 (which took place in 1972),<ref name=politics/> and the introduction of [[comprehensive education]], with the schools themselves bypassing the traditional [[Eleven-plus]] exam which determined which secondary school pupils would attend.<ref name=OxMid/>


⚫
==History==
However, most have since reverted to align their schools to the [[National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)|National Curriculum]].
References to middle schools in publications of the [[UK Government]] date back to 1856, and the educational reports of [[William Henry Hadow]] mention the concept.<ref name=directory>{{cite book|editor=National Middle Schools' Forum|editor-link=National Middle Schools' Forum|title=NMSF Middle Schools Directory|year=1995|chapter=Introduction|last=Tipple|first=Christopher|chapter-url=https://middleschools.org.uk/download/history/Introduction-to-Middle-School-Directory-Chris-Tipple-1995.pdf|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> It was not until 1963 that a local authority, the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], first proposed to introduce a middle-school system, with schools spanning ages 5–9, 9–13 and 13–18;<ref name=cometh>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004270801994806|title='The middle school cometh'…and goeth: Alec Clegg and the rise and fall of the English middle school|journal=Education 3–13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education|volume=36|issue=2|pages=117–125|doi=10.1080/03004270801994806|last=Crook|first=David|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2008|s2cid=144894135 }}</ref> one source suggests that the system was "introduced" in that year.<ref name=OxMid/> [[Local education authorities]] were permitted to introduce middle schools by the [[Education Act 1964]],<ref name=politics>{{cite web|title=Education leaving age|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/education/education-leaving-age-$474737.htm|website=politics.co.uk|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> subsequently, the notion of three-tier education was mooted by the [[Plowden Report]] of 1967—this proposed the introduction of first schools and [[middle school]]s, which would replace the existing system of [[infant school|infant]] and [[junior school]]s, as well as the first part of [[secondary school]]ing.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Education|at=Plowden Report (1967)|editor-last=Wallace|editor-first=Susan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=2nd|isbn=9780191758454|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199679393.001.0001/acref-9780199679393-e-772?rskey=OJaPcd&result=1|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> The Plowden Report recommended that middle schools span ages 8 to 12.<ref name=cometh/><ref name=directory/>


⚫
The first middle school in England was introduced in 1968, in the [[Hemsworth]] division of the West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name=cometh/> The first authority-wide systems of middle schools were introduced in 1970, in [[Stoke-on-Trent]] and [[Southampton]].<ref name=NMSFHist>{{cite web|url=https://middleschools.org.uk/the-history-of-middle-school-education-in-england/|website=The [[National Middle Schools' Forum]]|title=The History of Middle School Education in England|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Numbers rapidly grew, with over a thousand opening in the decade from the first introduction.<ref name=cometh/> Sources suggest reasons for the introduction of the three-tier system in local authority areas included capacity problems, as a result of both the raising of the school leaving age to 16 from 15 (which took place in 1972),<ref name=politics/> and the introduction of [[comprehensive education]], with the schools themselves bypassing the traditional [[Eleven-plus]] exam which determined which secondary school pupils would attend.<ref name=OxMid/>
Some [[Local education authority|LEA]]s reverted to the traditional age ranges as long ago as the late 1970s. One of the first areas to revert to the traditional age ranges was [[Halesowen]] in the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], which abandoned 5-9 first, 9-13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools in 1982 after just 10 years in use.


The number of middle schools peaked in 1982, when over 1400 middle schools were open;<ref name=cometh/> by 2017, only 121 remained,<ref name=sw/> and by 2019 the [[National Middle Schools' Forum]] recorded 107 in its directory, in 14 local authority areas.<ref>{{cite web|website=The [[National Middle Schools' Forum]]|title=Current UK middle schools|url=https://middleschools.org.uk/current-uk-middle-schools/|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In 2006, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire, [[Northumberland]] and the [[Isle of Wight]] were the only LEAs still exclusively using the three-tier system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fighting for the middle ground|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/sep/05/schools.uk2|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 September 2006}}</ref>
No local authorities now maintain an exclusively three-tier structure. A number of authorities have a mix of standard two-tier and three-tier provision with middle schools. [[Central Bedfordshire]], [[Worcestershire]] and the [[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead]] ([[Berkshire]]). [[Leicestershire]] operates a three-tier system in some areas, with children moving from primary school into secondary school after year six, and then to upper school after year nine.


Multiple reasons have been suggested by sources for this reversion to a two-tier system, including: a lack of clear identity, with the [[Department for Education and Science]] labelling them as either primary or secondary;<ref name=cometh/> a lack of teachers trained to teach in middle schools;<ref name=BBCNorthampton>{{cite news|website=[[BBC News]]|title=Middle schools face closure|author=<!--Staff writer-->|date=27 June 2001|access-date=6 June 2020|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1410022.stm}}</ref> and increased autonomy being given to schools, with upper and lower schools choosing to expand their age ranges.<ref name=sw/> The introduction of the [[National Curriculum]] has also been cited, as the middle school system led to children changing schools partway through one of its Key Stages; the National Curriculum was cited by [[David Ward (British politician)|David Ward]], then the councillor in [[City of Bradford|Bradford]] responsible for education, as a reason for abolishing the system there,<ref name=TES>{{cite news|title=Parents defend the middle ground|url=https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=396251|work=[[Times Educational Supplement (TES)|Times Educational Supplement]]|date=11 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922071852/https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=396251|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> and local authority officials in Wiltshire, when closing the remaining middle schools in 2002, argued specifically that the mid-Key-Stage school change caused children to be disadvantaged.<ref name=BBCWiltshire>{{cite news|website=[[BBC News]]|title=Parents fight school closures|author=<!--Staff writer-->|date=10 July 2002|access-date=6 June 2020|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2119730.stm}}</ref> In addition, in [[Northumberland]] it was reported that closing its middle schools could allow the buildings to be sold to raise money for repairs to the remainder of the council's school estate.<ref name=TES/>
In 2006, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire, [[Northumberland]] and the [[Isle of Wight]] were the only LEAs still exclusively using the three-tier system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fighting for the middle ground|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/sep/05/schools.uk2|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 September 2006}}</ref> The [[London Borough of Harrow]], the city of [[Oxford]] and the counties of [[Dorset]], [[Norfolk]], [[Suffolk]] and [[Worcestershire]](look up Bromsgrove and Redditch)<ref>{{cite news|title=Purbeck schools' three-tier system scrapped|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-10729845|work=[[BBC]]|date=22 July 2010}}</ref> largely used the system until the 2000s and their middle schools were either closed or converted to primary schools catering to children up to age 11.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parents defend the middle ground|url=https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=396251|work=[[Times Educational Supplement (TES)|Times Educational Supplement]]|date=11 June 2004}}</ref>


The Inter-LEA Middle Schools Forum was founded in 1991, later changing its name to the National Middle Schools' Forum;<ref name=NMSFHist/> it describes itself as "the voice of the middle school community".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://middleschools.org.uk/|title=A system matched to the developmental needs of children, fit for the 21st Century.|website=The [[National Middle Schools' Forum]]|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
A three-tier system also [[Education in Gibraltar|exists in Gibraltar]].


In 2016, [[Nigel Huddleston]] raised the topic of three-tier education in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]; the schools minister, [[Nick Gibb]], noted that the Government had no plans to abolish the three-tier system in the areas that retained it.<ref name=hansard>{{cite hansard|jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom|house=House of Commons|date=16 March 2016|volume=607|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2016-03-16/debates/16031635000002/Three-TierEducation|title=Three-tier education|column=388WH}}</ref>
Presently, the 13+ intake mostly exists in the [[Independent school (UK)|independent sector]], although some have followed their respective LEAs and adopted the 11+ intake.


==Similar systems==
The main routes through education are shown in the diagram below, with three-tier routes being shown in blue and mauve:
In Scotland, [[Grangemouth middle schools|middle schools were operated]] in [[Grangemouth]] from 1974 to 1988, the system having been proposed in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Falkirk Archives: Local authority records: Application Records Finding Aid|url=https://www.falkirkcommunitytrust.org/media/2245/education_records.pdf|website=Falkirk Community Trust|date=2 March 2018|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
<center>[[Image:School Stuctures.png]]</center>


In the [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private sector]], some [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|prep schools]] take pupils up to age 13.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[The Good Schools Guide]]|url=https://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/choosing-a-school/independent-schools/uk-independent-schools-explained|title=Independent school system in a nutshell|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In addition, some private secondary schools admit pupils at 13, including some of those using the [[Common Entrance]] exam<ref>{{cite web|website=[[The Good Schools Guide]]|url=https://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/curricula-and-exams/common-entrance-ce|title=Common Entrance CE|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> and some [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Hong Kong [[Tatler]]|url=https://hk.asiatatler.com/life/10-outstanding-british-public-schools|title=10 Outstanding British Public Schools To Consider|date=23 May 2018|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
==First schools==
A '''first school''' or '''lower school''' was the first part of the 'three tier' school system, the others being [[middle school]] and [[upper school]] in [[rural]] areas of [[England and Wales]]. Virtually all have now either been merged into [[primary school]]s or converted to [[infant school]]s or [[junior school]]s.


[[Education in Gibraltar|Gibraltar's education system]] has a system of first, middle and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/education/schools|website=[[HM Government of Gibraltar]]|title=Schools|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/gibraltar/family/schooling-education/the-school-system|website=Angloinfo Gibraltar|title=The School System|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
===History===
{{main|History of education in England}}
First schools were officially introduced into the first areas to use them in September 1968.

In practice, this model is used:
*5-9 first schools, followed by 9-13 [[middle school]]s, as implemented by the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] in the mid-1960s. These are sometimes known as lower schools.

Other options were implemented in different authorities, including using the term ''primary school'' in place of first school.

Some [[Education in England|English]] [[local education authority|local education authorities]] have introduced first schools since the 1960s.{{cn|date=December 2013}}

[[Halesowen]] axed them in July 1982 and [[Aldridge]] [[Brownhills]] in July 1986.

The [[National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)|National Curriculum]], introduced after the [[Education Reform Act 1988]], the new curriculum's splits in [[Key Stage]]s at age 11 encouraged the majority of remaining [[local education authority|local education authorities]] to return to a two-tier system of [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s. The majority of first and middle schools have been reorganised to infant and junior schools since. Exceptions include [[Dudley]] in September 1990.

In areas where the three-tier model has been replaced, first schools have been converted to [[infant school|infant]] or [[primary school]]s in many cases, or closed in others. No authority has introduced three-tier education in any area since 1995, although some new first schools have opened in areas which already have three-tier systems in place.

Some first schools still exist in various areas, mostly rural areas including parts of [[Staffordshire]], [[Worcestershire]] and [[Dorset]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 56: Line 37:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.neag.info/ Northumberland Education Action Group] - campaign to retain three-tier education in Northumberland


[[Category:School terminology]]
[[Category:School terminology]]

Latest revision as of 21:07, 16 November 2023

This article is about the system of schools divided by age. For the system of schools divided by exam performance, see Tripartite System of education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

A modern two-storey school building at the end of a drive
Gosforth East Middle School, a middle school in Gosforth, Newcastle

Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types as they progress through the education system.

Terminology[edit]

In a three-tier local education authority children begin their compulsory education in a first school[1] or lower school,[2] which caters for children up to the age of 8 or 9.[3] Children then transfer to a middle school, which caters for children from age 9 to age 13 or 14.[3] Following this, children transfer for the remainder of their compulsory education to an upper school[4] or high school, sometimes on into the sixth form.[5]

A diagram showing which school types correspond to which year groups, and which follow on from which.
Diagram of paths through the school system in England. The three-tier systems are in blue and mauve.

History[edit]

References to middle schools in publications of the UK Government date back to 1856, and the educational reports of William Henry Hadow mention the concept.[6] It was not until 1963 that a local authority, the West Riding of Yorkshire, first proposed to introduce a middle-school system, with schools spanning ages 5–9, 9–13 and 13–18;[7] one source suggests that the system was "introduced" in that year.[3] Local education authorities were permitted to introduce middle schools by the Education Act 1964,[8] subsequently, the notion of three-tier education was mooted by the Plowden Report of 1967—this proposed the introduction of first schools and middle schools, which would replace the existing system of infant and junior schools, as well as the first part of secondary schooling.[9] The Plowden Report recommended that middle schools span ages 8 to 12.[7][6]

The first middle school in England was introduced in 1968, in the Hemsworth division of the West Riding of Yorkshire.[7] The first authority-wide systems of middle schools were introduced in 1970, in Stoke-on-Trent and Southampton.[10] Numbers rapidly grew, with over a thousand opening in the decade from the first introduction.[7] Sources suggest reasons for the introduction of the three-tier system in local authority areas included capacity problems, as a result of both the raising of the school leaving age to 16 from 15 (which took place in 1972),[8] and the introduction of comprehensive education, with the schools themselves bypassing the traditional Eleven-plus exam which determined which secondary school pupils would attend.[3]

The number of middle schools peaked in 1982, when over 1400 middle schools were open;[7] by 2017, only 121 remained,[2] and by 2019 the National Middle Schools' Forum recorded 107 in its directory, in 14 local authority areas.[11] In 2006, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire, Northumberland and the Isle of Wight were the only LEAs still exclusively using the three-tier system.[12]

Multiple reasons have been suggested by sources for this reversion to a two-tier system, including: a lack of clear identity, with the Department for Education and Science labelling them as either primary or secondary;[7] a lack of teachers trained to teach in middle schools;[13] and increased autonomy being given to schools, with upper and lower schools choosing to expand their age ranges.[2] The introduction of the National Curriculum has also been cited, as the middle school system led to children changing schools partway through one of its Key Stages; the National Curriculum was cited by David Ward, then the councillor in Bradford responsible for education, as a reason for abolishing the system there,[14] and local authority officials in Wiltshire, when closing the remaining middle schools in 2002, argued specifically that the mid-Key-Stage school change caused children to be disadvantaged.[15] In addition, in Northumberland it was reported that closing its middle schools could allow the buildings to be sold to raise money for repairs to the remainder of the council's school estate.[14]

The Inter-LEA Middle Schools Forum was founded in 1991, later changing its name to the National Middle Schools' Forum;[10] it describes itself as "the voice of the middle school community".[16]

In 2016, Nigel Huddleston raised the topic of three-tier education in Parliament; the schools minister, Nick Gibb, noted that the Government had no plans to abolish the three-tier system in the areas that retained it.[17]

Similar systems[edit]

In Scotland, middle schools were operated in Grangemouth from 1974 to 1988, the system having been proposed in 1968.[18]

In the private sector, some prep schools take pupils up to age 13.[19] In addition, some private secondary schools admit pupils at 13, including some of those using the Common Entrance exam[20] and some public schools.[21]

Gibraltar's education system has a system of first, middle and secondary schools.[22][23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Primary education (4 to 11 years)". Cambridgeshire County Council. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Allen-Kinross, Pippa (2 May 2018). "Middle schools defend themselves as councils ditch three-tier model". Schools Week. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Wallace, Susan (ed.). A Dictionary of Education (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Middle school. ISBN 9780191758454. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  4. ^ "Secondary education (11 to 16 years)". Cambridgeshire County Council. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Middle, High and Secondary School Admissions Handbook 2020/2021" (PDF). Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b Tipple, Christopher (1995). "Introduction" (PDF). In National Middle Schools' Forum (ed.). NMSF Middle Schools Directory. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Crook, David (2008). "'The middle school cometh'…and goeth: Alec Clegg and the rise and fall of the English middle school". Education 3–13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education. 36 (2). Taylor & Francis: 117–125. doi:10.1080/03004270801994806. S2CID 144894135.
  8. ^ a b "Education leaving age". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  9. ^ Wallace, Susan (ed.). A Dictionary of Education (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Plowden Report (1967). ISBN 9780191758454. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  10. ^ a b "The History of Middle School Education in England". The National Middle Schools' Forum. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  11. ^ "Current UK middle schools". The National Middle Schools' Forum. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  12. ^ "Fighting for the middle ground". The Guardian. 5 September 2006.
  13. ^ "Middle schools face closure". BBC News. 27 June 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  14. ^ a b "Parents defend the middle ground". Times Educational Supplement. 11 June 2004. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  15. ^ "Parents fight school closures". BBC News. 10 July 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  16. ^ "A system matched to the developmental needs of children, fit for the 21st Century". The National Middle Schools' Forum. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Three-tier education". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 607. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 16 March 2016. col. 388WH.
  18. ^ "Falkirk Archives: Local authority records: Application Records Finding Aid" (PDF). Falkirk Community Trust. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Independent school system in a nutshell". The Good Schools Guide. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  20. ^ "Common Entrance CE". The Good Schools Guide. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  21. ^ "10 Outstanding British Public Schools To Consider". Hong Kong Tatler. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  22. ^ "Schools". HM Government of Gibraltar. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  23. ^ "The School System". Angloinfo Gibraltar. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-tier_education&oldid=1185452276"